方法点拨教师:有的同学叙述事实论据时,不突出重点和精华,不注意取舍,水分太多,有许多的叙述描写,有时还有详细的故事情节,文章几乎成了记叙文,使文章的论点无法得到充分的证明,这是写议论文的大忌。那么:议论文中的记叙有哪些特点?同学各抒己见。投影显示:1.议论中的记叙不是单纯的写人记事,记叙文字是为议论服务的,其目的是为作者所阐明的道理提供事实依据。所以,在记叙时要求简洁、概括,舍弃其中的细节,仅仅交代清楚事件或者人物的概貌即可,一般不在各种描写手段上下功夫,只要把能证明观点的那个部分、侧面交代清楚就行了。2.议论文中的记叙性文字不得超过总字数的1/3,否则视为文体不当。能力提升一、教师:了解了议论文中的记叙的特点,接下来我们看看今天的话题:“爱的奉献”,你想从哪个角度立论?有哪些素材?
材料四:印度提倡“只生一个好”——鼓励三人小家庭 生男生女都一样材料五:印度尼西亚《人口发展与幸福家庭法》材料六:我国基本国策 计划生育(小结)通过对以上材料的分析我们可以得出这样的结论,不同的国家应该采取不同的人口政策,对与发达国家来说人口增长缓慢,应采取鼓励生育,吸引移民的措施;发展中国家人口增长较快,实行控制人口的政策已经迫在眉睫。不论是发达国家还是发展中国家共同的目标就是实现环境人口和社会经济的协调发展。【课堂小结】这节课我们主要学习了人口的自然增长,影响人口自然增长的因素有哪些?(人口的自然增长率和人口的基数)世界人口的数量在不同的历史时期表现出不同的特征,同一历史时期的不同地区,人口数量的增长又有不同的特点。面对不同的人口形势,各国应采取不同的人口政策。
生:环境承载力是指环境能持续供养的人口数量。师:对了。但是有同学仍然会感到这是一个很抽象的概念。下面我们具体来了解什么是环境承载力。我们可以从两个部分去理解:一、环境,它主要是指环境的单个要素(如:土地、水、气候、植被等。)及其组合方式。二、是承载力,它指在特定的条件下,具体某事物能承受的某种活动的最大值。那环境承载力的科学定义是怎样表达的呢?生:环境承载力是指某一时期,某种状态条件下,某地区环境所能承受的人类活动作用的阈值。师:很对。 我们可以用一个生动的例子来说明。一只木桶里面的水的多少在底面积固定不变的情况下是由哪块木板来决定?生:最短的那块。师:确实如此。这就是我们平常所讲的 “木桶效应”。那影响环境承载力的大小也是由环境个要素里面最紧缺的那个要素来决定的。下面我们用一个例子来印证一下。
1.促使美国成为一个移民国家的因素是:①美洲属于未开发的新大陆,需要大量的劳动力;②欧洲失业工人和破产农民增加,人们为了追求更好的经济待遇迁往美洲;③新航线的开辟为人们顺利迁移扫除了障碍;④殖民扩张是人口迁移的促进因素,加快了人口迁移的过程。导致美国人口在本土范围内频繁迁移的原因,归纳起来有:第一次人口迁移是战争因素,第二次是城市化;第三次是自然环境、经济环境的变化;第四次是经济格局的变化,即西部和南部新资源的发现和新兴工业的发展。2.我国古代的人口迁移,深受统治者及其行政力量的束缚。封建帝王为了加强本国的经济和军事实力,对人口迁移严加控制。只有当战乱发生的时候,这种控制才得到削弱,人们为了躲避战乱,寻找安定的生活环境,不得不进行大规模的迁移。我国近几十年的人口迁移主要是由生产资料和劳动力数量上的地区分布不平衡造成的,是经济因素在起主导作用,与古代的人口迁移截然不同。
①阐发话题式:就是用简练的语言对所给话题材料加以概括和浓缩,并找到一个最佳切入点加以深层次阐述。吉林一考生的满分作文《漫谈“感情”“认知”》的题记是:“同是对‘修墙’‘防盗’的预见,却产生‘聪明’或‘被怀疑’的结果。‘感情’竟能如此地左右着‘认知’,心的小舟啊,在文化的河流中求索。”这个题记通过对材料的简单解释,将“感情”与“认知”二者的关系诠释得非常明白,也点明了作者的态度和议论的中心。②诠释题目式:所拟题目一般都具有深刻性特点,运用题记形式对题目进行巧妙而又全面的诠释。云南一考生的满分作文《与你同行》的题记是:“他们一路同行,一个汲着水,一个负着火,形影相随。在他们携手共进时,就产生了智慧。”这个题记形象而深刻地对“与你同行”这个题目进行了解释,言简意赅,表明了考生对感情和理智关系的认识。
写作指导:第一题要求写出自然美,在自然美中融进自己的感情。小路、流水、山峦、森林、天空、大海……都是实体事物,因此首先要求用写生的办法把它们表现出来,要写得准确,写出它们的特点和个性,尤其是写出它们的美。同时,也要把赞美之情不落痕迹地融化在描写之中。第二题是写一幅风景画或一张风景照片中的自然美景,以及美景中的一些细节,同时把自己心动的感觉写出来。在这里,关键是找到画或照片中的美,找到心动的感觉,如果找到了,再用文字把这美和感觉表达出来。当然,写风景美和写自己的感觉应是乳水交融的。第三题是用动情的笔墨把自己的一种经历写出来。这些经历似乎都是细节,都不是惊天动地的大事。是细节,就容易碰到,在题目列举的四种中,学生不难找到。即使不在这四种中,也可以,只要这种经历给了自己心灵以震撼或潜移默化的影响。
1、变换角度,多向思维(多向思维要求思维能针对问题,从不同角度,用多种方法去思考问题。对于作文而言,就是要使学生学会对同一问题,同一素材,同一题目,同一体裁的不同进行区分。)请学生从这则材料中分析出几个角度,准备课堂交流:19世纪法国著名科幻小说家儒勒?凡尔纳,一生写了104部科幻小说。当初他的第一部科幻小说《气球上的星期五》接连被15家出版社退回。他当时既痛苦又气愤,打算将稿子付之一炬。他妻子夺过书稿,给他以鼓励。于是他尝试着走进第16家出版社。经理赫哲尔阅读后,当即表示同意出版,还与儒勒?凡尔纳签订了为期20年的写作出版合同。这则材料叙述时没有一定的中心,属于开发性材料,分析材料中人物、人物关系、故事的不同侧面,可以从不同角度得出结论:
虚构不等于说假话。它是一种源于生活,但高于生活的艺术真实。我们可以举个例子:我国公认的最权威最真实的史书是——《史记》,那么,大家认为《史记》里有没有虚构呢?有。必修一的《鸿门宴》里就有虚构。大家想:司马迁是哪个朝代的人?西汉汉武帝时。刘邦项羽是哪个朝代的?秦末时期。那司马迁不可能坐时光穿梭机到秦末去参加鸿门宴吧?既然他没不在场,那课文《鸿门宴》里人物的语言、动作、甚至是表情从何而来呢?对,是司马迁根据有限的史料加以补充,想象、虚构出来的。那么,同学们在写作文时,也可以不必拘泥于亲身经历的事情,毕竟生活是平淡的,毕竟大家的生活阅历也有限,有时候,我们发挥想象、虚构一个故事来反映生活的真实,也许更生动、也更典型。所以,近年来高考试卷中都提示考生:作文可以大胆想象,编写故事。按照编故事的方式不同,我们的虚构性作文又可以写哪些类型呢:小说,散文,童话,寓言,科幻,故事新编……
《贫寒是福天道酬勤石智勇从挫折中奋起》也许是自幼的贫寒生活塑造了石智勇内向的性格,即使是胸挂金灿灿的奖牌接受全场观众欢呼,他的表情也是略显羞涩的。小时候吃不饱肚皮的经历让他至今在“最喜欢的东西”一栏还填写着“食物”二字,而“穷人的孩子早当家”的坚韧,却又是促成他今日辉煌的动力。中国举重队副总教练陈文斌赛后说道:“智勇这几年练得很苦,今天终于有了这样的成绩,这是天道酬勤的结果。石智勇的奥运会金牌是中国男举的一次突破,我们非常激动。”在希腊神话里,命运女神总是让英雄历经磨难。石智勇也不例外。四年前的悉尼奥运会前夕,他在一次训练中扭伤脚踝,失去了参赛机会。“当时我伤心极了,不敢看电视直播,我怕参赛的选手成绩太低了。高点我还好一点,自欺欺人一下说,哎呀好高,自己去了也拿不了冠军,要是低了,自己没去,失去冠军机会,心里痛啊。后来结果出来,也不怎么高,心里真难受。”
一、语文学习中学生自我评价能力的培养1.营造氛围,培养学生自我评价的意识。学生自我评价能力是教师长期培养的结果,而保护学生自我评价的热情,更是持续自我评价的保证。在我们的实际教育教学中,教师一直处于评价的绝对主体,很少去关注学生自我评价意识和能力的培养,学生常常不理解:为什么要认真听讲?为什么书写要工整、为什么发言要积极?为什么老师、父母对考试分数会有那么高的要求?当前出现的学生许多诸如“离家出走”、“毒杀亲人”等教育、行为、品德方面的问题,我想其中除了家长、教师的评价意识和评价艺术等原因之外,学生的自我评价意识的缺乏是根本的原因。所以我认为,学生自我评价意识的培养刻不容缓。(1)热情鼓励,提供成功的心理体验。在教学过程中,教师要善于发现、肯定学生自我评价的点滴进步,对于他们每一点进步都要真诚热情地鼓励。让学生觉得我这么做,这么想是对的。让学生在教师的鼓励中体会到强烈的爱,感受到自己的进步,增强自己的信心。“心若在,梦就在!”教师的热情鼓励是一种强大的催化剂,促使学生在学习中乐于自我评价。
教学目标:1、了解文学作品解读的个性化及其原因。2、探讨个性化解读遵循的基本原则,合理解读文学作品。教学重点:引导学生关注文学现象,培养他们对文学作品理解的多重思维能力。教学难点:把握个性化的度。避免偏激的理解、过度的张扬所谓个性,严重歪曲文学作品。教学方法:导读、计论、合作探究。教学时间:一课时教学过程:一、创设情境、揭题导入:记得有这样一个故事:一个小孩在四岁就能背《登鹳雀楼》,可平时只有在大人的要求下,他才背出来。直到六岁的某一天,他父母带他去旅游,在他登陆上山顶时,竟然随口背出:“欲穷千里目,更上一层楼”来。这说明了什么?……(讨论)文学作品解读的个性化。二、探讨个性化解读的原因1、读者的差异导致解读的个性化A、同一作品,阅读的时间不同,解读不同。如上面的例子。如《从百草园到三味书屋》和《风筝》主题的多元化理解。“温故知新”,名作重读,不但有趣,而且有益。B、同一作品,不同读者,解读不同。
4.That was an experience that frightened everyone. →That was _____________________. 答案:1. taking 2. being discussed 3. in the reading room 4. a frightening experienceStep 6 The meaning and function of V-ing as the predicative动词-ing形式作表语,它通常位于系动词后面,用以说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”一种表示主语的特质、特征和状态, 其作用相当于形容词; 另一种具体说明主语的内容, 即主语等同于表语, 两者可互换。The music they are playing sounds so exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Step 7 Practice1. It is ________(amaze) that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.2. Buying a car is simply _______(waste) money. 3. Please stop making the noise—it’s getting ________(annoy). 4. complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form.La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August. I think many food festivals are __________ because people are just eating. however, this festival is _________ because people don't actually eat the tomatoes. Instead, they throw them at each other! the number of people ________ part in this tomato fight, can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very __________ fight that lasts for a whole hour. The _______ thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight. this is because the juice form tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!答案:1. amazing 2. wasting 3. annoying4. boring interesting taking exciting amazing
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
Step 3 Analyzing article structureActivity 31. Teachers raise questions to guide students to analyze the chapter structure of this diary and think about how to describe the festival experience. (1)What should be included in the opening/body/closing paragraph(s)?(2)How did the writer arrange his/her ideas?(3)What kind of interesting details did the writer describe?(4)How did the writer describe his/her feelings/emotions during the event?2. Students read and compare the three sentence patterns in activity 2. Try to rewrite the first paragraph of the diary with these three sentence patterns. After that, students exchange corrections with their partners. Such as:●This was my first time spending three days experiencing the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and it was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ●I'll never forget my experience at the Naadam Festival because it was my first time to watch the exciting Mongolian games of horse racing, wrestling, and archery so closely. ●I'll always remember my first experience at the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because it was so amazing to spend three days witnessing a grand Mongolian ceremony. Step 4 Accumulation of statementsActivity 41. Ask the students to read the diary again. Look for sentences that express feelings and emotions, especially those with the -ing form and the past participle. Such as:● …horse racing, wrestling, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch. ● some amazing performances● I was surprised to see…● I was a little worried about. . . ● feeling really tiredOther emotional statements:●I absolutely enjoyed the archery, too, but the horse races were my favourite part. ●I'm finally back home now, feeling really tired, but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it. ●He invited me back for the winter to stay in a traditional Mongolian tent and cat hot pot. I can’t wait!2. In addition to the use of the -ing form and the past participle, the teacher should guide the students in the appreciation of these statements, ask them to memorize them, and encourage them to use them reasonably in writing practice.
The topic of this part is “Write about your festival experience”.During the Listening and Speaking and Talking, students are just asked to say out their festival experiences such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Day, but this part students will be asked to write down their own festival experiences. During the reading part, it introduces the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which can give students a good example to imitate. Students not only learn the festival, but touch and feel the Inner Mongolian’s character, the spirit and cultural atmosphere, which can help students form the cultural awareness and learn to enjoy and value the diversity of Chinese culture.Concretely, the dairy tells the experience that the author spent the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with his/her friend. The structure is clear. In the opening paragraph, it introduces the topic of the Naadam Festival and the whole feeling. Then it introduces the items of the festival like the ceremony, wrestling and horse racing. Finally, it summarizes this experience. Because this part is a travel journal, we must guide students pay more attention to these details: 1. use the first person. 2. use the past tense to tell the past thing and use the present or future tense to describe the scenery. 3. use the timeline to tell the development. 4. be careful for the author’s psychology, emotion and feeling, etc.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information about Naadam Festival.2. Learn the structure of the reading article and language.3. Write an article about a festival experience4. Learn to use the psychology, emotions and feeling in the writing.1. Write an article about a festival experience.2. Use the structure of the reading article and language.
1. 表示时间。Hearing these stories, I’m skeptical about the place. = When I heard these stories. . . 2. 表示原因。Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. = Because/Since/As I don’t know his address. . . 3. 表示结果。His father died, leaving him a lot of money. =. . . and left him a lot of money4. 表示条件。Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. = If you go straight down the road. . . 5. 表示让步。Being tired, they went on working. =Although they were tired. . . 6. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. =. . . and stared at the sky for a long time注意:非谓语动词作状语时, 如所提供的动词不能和句子中的主语保持一致, 动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语, 通常由名词或代词来担任, 这就是独立主格结构。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. (having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus, 而不是we)Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. (permitting的逻辑主语是time, 而不是the football match)Step 7 Practice1. ________(study) hard, you are sure to get first prize. 2. People use plastic in their daily life, _______(leave) large amounts of waste. 3. ________(work) hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. 4. The old man, ____________(work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 5. ______________(finish) his homework, he was playing on the playground. Answers: 1. Studying 2. leaving 3. Working 4.having worked 5. Having finishedStep 8 HomeworkFinish the homework on Page 22.
Example:One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by sending newspapers door to door found that he only had one dime(一角)left. He was so hungry that he decided to beg for a meal at the next house.However, he lost his nerve when a lovely young woman opened the door. Instead of a meal he asked for a drink of water. She thought he looked hungry so she brought him a large glass of milk. He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe you?” “You don’t owe me anything,” she replied, “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” With these words, Howard Kelly left that house.Years later the woman became badly ill and was finally sent to the hospital in a big city. Dr. Howard Kelly, now famous, was called in. When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light filled his eyes. Dressed in his doctor’s clothes, Dr. Kelly went into her room and recognized her at once. From that day on, he gave special attention to her, and decided to do his best to save her life.At last the woman was saved. Dr. Kelly asked the business office to pass the final bill to him. He looked at it and then wrote something on the side. The bill was sent to the woman’s room. She was afraid to open it because she was sure that it would take the rest of her life to pay for it off. Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention. She read these words: “Paid in full with a glass of milk, Dr. Howard Kelly.” Tear of joy flooded her eyes.
The topic of this part is “Learn to make choices in life”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at the moral dilemmas, and this part is about making choices in life. The heroin is Lin Qiaozhi, a famous medical scientist, made a great contribution to our country’s medical care. Most importantly, her life experience can inspire our students whether in studying or the development of career. she had moral dilemmas and life choices, which are similar to the students who will step into society. Besides, Lin has quite good virtues like kindness, self-improvement, insistence, job-loving , generosity and responsibility, which is worth being learned.Concretely, this article is a biography about Lin Qiaozhi. The article tells her whole life according the timeline, among which the life choices is emphasized. For example, whether married or chased her dream, returned home or stayed abroad, family or public, her choices all reflected her faith, spirit, responsibility and devotion.1. Fast reading to get the detailed information about Lin Qiaozhi; careful reading to do the deductive information.2. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.3. Study the structure features and language features. 4. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.1. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.2. Study the structure features and language features.3. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat are some important life choices?Importance choices: university study, jobs and marriage partners. Because they can determine our future.
1. 这个寓言是一个关于一位国王古寓言。 The fable is an old fable about a king.2.作者用这个故事让读者对于社区的问题负有个人责任的必要印象深刻。The author used the story to impress upon readers with the need to take personal responsibility for problems in the community.3. 这个故事十分成功的实现了它的目的。The story was quite successful in achieving its purpose.Step 7 WritingPlease write a review of the story according the outline above.The fable is an old fable about a king who thought his people are lazy, so he put a large stone in the middle of the road and hides and waited to see if anyone will try to move it.The author used this story to impress upon readers with the need to take personal responsibility for problems in the community. The story was quite successful in achieving its purpose, and I liked it because it had a clear moral.However, while the moral of the story is clear, the actions of the king seemed pointless to me, because none of the characters in the story learnt anything. For this reason, I think there are better stories that can be used to impress upon people with the need for personal responsibility.Step 8 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Does the writer give a short description of the story ?2. Does the description include the most important details of the story ?3. Does the writer give his or her opinion about the character or their actions ?4. Is the review well-organised ? 5. Does the writer use the -ing form as the adverbial correctly in the writing ?6. Are there any grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors ?Step 9 HomeworkPut up your revised draft in the classroom or read it to your class.