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部编版二年级语文下册全册教案及教学反思
在入情入境中诵读成韵 1.配乐范读，想象画面： （1）学生边看插图边听老师配乐朗读，想象诗中所描绘的画面。 （2）学生自由交流想象中的画面，老师激励小结。 预设：山坡上的小草发芽了，嫩绿嫩绿的。黄莺在空中飞来飞去。河堤旁的柳条发芽了，几个下朋友放学回来，趁着东风，赶忙放起了风筝…… 2.借助插图，启发想象：黄莺一边飞一边干什么?（叽叽喳喳地叫）它好像在说什么? 再次启发想象：春风轻轻地吹来，柳条会怎样呢?（轻轻摆动，好像在跳舞陶醉在了美丽的春色里……） 诗人高鼎看到这样的景致写下了这样的诗句：出示“草长莺飞二月天，拂堤杨柳醉春烟”。（学生齐读） 让我们想象着春天的美丽景色，有滋有味地诵读。学生练读、指名读、引读。 3.联系生活，换位体验，：在这样美妙的春光里，沐浴着和煦的春风，（出示儿童放纸鸢图片）孩子们放起风筝，你们放过风筝吗?你放风筝时是怎样的心情?（学生自由发言）
人教版高中语文必修3《马嵬（其二）》教案2篇
结合历史自古以来，江山美人历来都是引无数英雄豪杰竞折腰的，如果说英雄选择了美人却丢了江山，把所有罪名都归结于“女人是祸水”。但是，纣王无道，和有了妲己有必然的联系吗？有人说妲己坏透了，坏透了的妲己如果不是取得纣王的信任是坏不起来的，纣王听信了妲己的谗言，听与不听决定权在纣王，而不在妲己。强势永远在纣王一边。再来看看西施和杨贵妃：西施是作为越国贡献给吴国的供品来到吴王夫差的身边的，杨贵妃更是先是李隆基的儿媳妇被看中而得宠的。所以，西施和杨贵妃这两个可怜的女人根本没有自己的独立选择，没有独立的爱情，如果没有西施，就会有南施，或北施；如果没有杨贵妃，就会有李贵妃，王贵妃，总之什么施，什么妃是不能少的，因为那是吴王和李隆基的需要。
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
This theme of the part is “ Describe people or things in greater detail”. Students have learned the grammar(restrictive relative clauses) in Book 1, and further review and consolidate its structure “prep+relative pronouns(which/whom)” and the relative adverbs(when, where and why), besides students should understand its form, meaning and functions. In this section, students should be able to express the grammar correctly in daily communication and in the writing. 1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses . 2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn to write sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses .2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn tow rite sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.Step 1. Observe the following sentences, and mark the relative pronouns and the adverbs. 1. After listening to the scientists who had studied the problems, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help.2. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Step 2 PracticePlease complete these sentences with relative pronouns and relative adverbs and answer the following questions.Questions: 1. What is the head noun ?2. What relative words should be used ?3. What elements do they act in these sentences ?
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 2 Wildlife Protection-Reading for Writing教案二
This lesson aims at making a poster about protecting wildlife after reading some posters. During reading students are guided to understand the content and try to summarize the posters with one sentence. Then students are guided to try to make a poster about protecting wildlife.1. Read the two posters and try to understand the summary sentences.2. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.3. Try to summarize the features of posters4. Try to make a poster about wildlife.1. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.2. Try to summarize the features of posters3. Try to make a poster about wildlife.Step 1 Lead inLook at the the posters on the textbook and ask:Which emotions do the posters communicate ?Step 2 Read the poster and answer the questions.1. What do you think of the animals in the poster on the left ?I think it is frightening and ugly.2. Why do we should protect the ugly animals ?All species--the good, the bad, and the ugly-- should be treated equally.The world needs all kinds--without variety, our planet cannot survive.3. Why are billions of trees being cut down every year ?To make paper for humans.4. What result will be lead to after the trees are cut down ?A lost of animal homes are being destroyed./The habitat of wildlife is being destroyed.Step 3 Find the feature of posters1. What does each poster use to stir up emotions ?On the left, it makes us a little frightened and it looks a little ugly, but it can activate our curiosity--What is it? And What is wrong with it?On the right, it makes us feel a little sad and want to protect them.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading and Thinking教案二
1. This section focuses on "Understanding how a problem was solved”, which is aimed to guide students to analyze and discuss the challenges and problems faced by cultural heritage protection during the construction of Aswan Dam, as well as the solutions. On the basis of understanding, students should pay attention to the key role of international cooperation in solving problems, and attach importance to the balance and coordination between cultural heritage protection and social and economic development. Students are encouraged to face challenges actively, be good at cooperation, and make continuous efforts to find reasonable ways and means to solve problems.2. Enable students to understand the main information and text structure of the reading text;3. Motivate students to use the reading strategy "make a timeline" according to the appropriate text genre;4. Enable students to understand how a problem was solved;5. Enable students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;1. Guide students to pay attention to reading strategies, such as prediction, self-questioning and scanning.2. Help students sort out the topic language about protecting cultural relics and understand the narrative characteristics of "time-event" in illustrative style3. Lead students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 2 Wildlife Protection-Reading and Thinking教案二
The theme of this unit is human and nature, focusing on the theme of wildlife protection. Nature is a complex ecosystem, in which there are delicate balance between animals and plants. Because of the role of the food chain, the extinction of one species will produce influence, causing a series of chain reaction. Large scale extinction of species will have a serious and even irreversible impact on the ecosystem, resulting in immeasurable losses. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect wild species. To protect wild species is to protect human beings themselves. The motto of this unit is "when the buying stops, the killing can too,” which is a public service advertising slogan to protect wildlife. It tells people that every rhinoceros horn, every fur, every bowl of shark fin soup, every Ivory product, and every tiger bone product, etc. consumed by human beings, are innocent wild animals slaughtered behind them. The mission of wild aid is to ban illegal trade in endangered wildlife and mitigate climate change. It aims to educate the public to reduce the consumption demand for endangered wildlife products through public publicity and improve the awareness of environmental protection.1. Improve the awareness of wildlife protection by acquiring the knowledge of wildlife protection.2. Focus on environmental protection and protection of all lives.3. Analysis of the living environment of wild animals with appropriate thinking mode.4. Skillfully use the vocabulary and grammar knowledge of this unit to cultivate self-study ability according to the unit content5. Develop cooperative learning ability through discussion and other ways1. Enable the Ss to talk about the current situation of wild animals.2. Guide the Ss to summarize the main idea of each paragraph as well as the main idea of the text.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 3 The Internet-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “The Present Perfect Passive Voice.” To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about the Present Perfect Passive Voice. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar。This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises. 1. Guide students to review the basic usages of the Present Perfect Passive Voice2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning the Present Perfect Passive Voice flexibly.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the Present Perfect Passive Voice in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper the Present Perfect Passive Voice.观察下列句子特点，总结共同点。1．(教材P28)Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web．2．(教材P28)But the Internet has done much more for people than simply make life more convenient．3．(教材P28)Many people have been helped by the club．4．(教材P28)She no longer feels lonely, and her company has become quite successful．5．(教材P32)Today I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times—how do you stay safe online and avoid bad experiences on the Internet?
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 3 The Internet-Reading and Thinking教案二
Q5：What's Jan's next goal?Her next goal is to start a charity website to raise money for children in poor countries.Q6：What can we learn from her experiences?We learn that when we go through tough times, we can find help and support from other people online. We learn that we can feel less lonelyStep 5: While reading---rethinkingQ1: What is Jan’s attitude to the Internet ?Thankful/Grateful, because it has changed her and her life.Q2: What writing skills is used in the article ?Examples(Jan’s example, the 59-year-old man’s and the 61-year-old woman’s example)Q3: Can you get the main idea of the article ?The Internet has changed Jan’s life/Jan’s life has been changed by the Internet.Step 6 Post reading---Retell the storyMuch has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web. There are countless articles (1)telling(tell) us how the Internet has made our lives more convenient. But the Internet has done a lot (2)more(much) for people than simply make life more convenient. People’s lives (3) have been changed(change) by online communities and social networks so far. Take Jan for example, who developed a serious illness that made her (4)stuck(stick) at home with only her computer to keep (5)her(she) company. She joined an online group (6)where she could share problems, support and advice with others. She considered the ability to remove the distance between people as one of the greatest (7)benefits(benefit). She was so inspired (8)that she started an IT club in which many people have been helped. She has started to learn more about how to use the Internet to make society better. Her next goal is to start a charity website to raise money (9)for children in poor countries. Jan’s life has been (10)greatly(great) improved by the Internet.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 3 The Internet-Reading for Writing教案二
8. However, the more polite you are, the less likely it is you will be attacked. 然而, 你越有礼貌, 你被攻击的可能性就越小。 Step 8 Writing---the articleHow to stay safe in the online chat roomToday I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times--- how do you stay safe online and avoid bad experiences in the online chat room ? I’m not an expert, but many years as a blogger have taught me a thing or two.First of all, there’s the golden rule of the Internet: keep out of what makes you uneasy. Don’t post comments or click on anything. Second, protect your privacy. Don’t give out too much private information like your address, phone numbers, the ID numbers, etc. Third, be polite. If you are polite to others on the Internet, you won’t be attacked in normal situation. Finally, don’t believe in others easily and never meet someone you met online alone. It is very dangerous.Have you had any bad experiences online, or do you have some good advice for staying safe? Post your comments below!Step 9 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Does the writer tell the reader what he/she know about the topic ?2. Are the tips and suggestions well organised ?3. Has the writer defined the new words ?4. Does the author include examples, comparison, or explanations ?5. Does the writer end by asking readers to leave comments and/or suggestions ?6. Can you find any grammar or spelling mistakes.Step 6 HomeworkPut up your revised draft in the classroom or read it to your class.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 4 History and Traditions-Reading and Thinking教案二
Step 5 While reading---Task 3Read the text again and answer the following questions.Q1: How many countries does the UK consist of ?4 Q2: What are the four countries of the United Kingdom?England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland Q3: Which two were the first to be joined together ?England and WalesQ4: What are the two chief advantages of studying the history of a country ?The first one is to help you understand more about the country and its traditions.The second one is to make visiting it more enjoyable.Q5: What’s the author’s attitude towards studying the history ?Supportive/positiveStep 6 Post reading---Retell the textThe United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England—many people are confused by (1)_____ these different names mean. In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales (2) __________(join) to the Kingdom of England. In the 19 th century, the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Finally, the southern part of Ireland (3) ______ (break) away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today. However, most people just use the (4)_________(shorten) name: the UK. The four countries (5)__________ belong to the United Kingdom work together in some areas. There were four sets of invaders and the last group were the Normans. They had castles (6)_________(build) all around England and made changes (7)__________ the legal system. Studying the history of the country will make your visit much more (8)_________(enjoy). The capital city London is (9)___ ancient port city that has a history (10)______(date) back to Roman times. 1. what 2.was joined 3.broke 4.shortened 5.that 6. built 7.to 8.enjoyable 9.an 10.dating Step 6 Homework
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 4 History and Traditions-Listening＆Speaking＆Talking教案二
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “Take part in a youth project”. The listening text is an interview about "sharing views on historical sites". Through listening to a dialogue between Chinese and foreign students on the way to the Confucius Temple, students can understand their views on the Confucius Temple, Confucius, Confucius' descendants and Confucius' educational thoughts, so as to realize and think about the profound influence of Confucius and his thoughts on Chinese historical tradition. At the same time, the dialogue naturally integrates English idioms and mentions Shakespeare, the British playwright, so as to provide language materials and context for students to understand English idioms and related cultural allusions, as well as to compare Chinese and foreign cultures, which is helpful for students to understand and express the language such as history, tradition, culture and custom significant impact.Text analysis: listening text is a dialogue between a British student and a Chinese student when he goes to the Confucius Temple. When William, a British student, visited the Confucius Temple, he asked Xiao Kong, a Chinese student, for directions. Xiao Kong was just going to the Confucius Temple to meet with the members of the research group, so they went together and exchanged their views on the Confucius Temple, Confucius, Confucius' descendants and Confucius' educational thoughts. From the perspective of foreign tourists, this paper describes their thoughts on Confucius, the great son of Confucius, who had a profound impact on Chinese history and cultural tradition, and his education.Listening and Talking introduces a visit to a historic tourist destination. Tourism is a common way to understand a country's history, culture, and customs and so on. Students listen to the dialogue between Xiao Yan, a youth hostel Usher, and Paul, a backpacker, to learn about Pingyao's famous historical and cultural attractions and Paul's travel experience and experience as a foreign tourist.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Discovering Useful Structures教案二
4. When he got absorbed in his world of music, he felt as if he could “see” the beauty of the world around him, like he had in his previous life.P·P as adverbial: _________________________________________________________________.Function: _______________________________________________________________________.Step 5 Solid Complete the passage with the words in brackets in their correct forms.Well known as a successful band, the Impact members show quite a few striking qualities. They never ever give up. When _____________(question) by the media, they are not _____________(discourage) and practise even harder. They are improving themselves by attending several master training class. They are united. _____________(fill with) team spirit, they act as a whole, always aiming for glory. Step 6 Difference and similarity from -ingObserve the following examples.1. He went out, shutting the door behind him.=He went out, ________________________________________________________.2. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.=__________________________________________, he went to his parents for help.Similarity: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Difference : _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Step Practice1. ________ in a hurry, this article was not so good. 因为写得匆忙, 这篇文章不是很好。2. ________ carefully, he found something he hadn’t known before. 他仔细读书时, 发现了一些从前不知道的东西。3. ________ why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 当被问及他为什么要这么做时, 班长说这是他的职责
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Reading for Writing教案二
The Internet celebrity Gao Yifeng. Years ago, he owned 5 companies and the staffs over 1,000, but during the economy crisis, he became nothing but debt. He was so worried that his hair became white overnight. There was a time when he wanted to killed himself. But after listening to the song Start Over by Liu Huan, he decided to cheer himself up. He started a steamed bun shop and gradually became a national chain shops. Now he became successful again.Walter Haddon said, “Music is the medicine of a troubled mind.” Music contains such a pleasant and inspiring force. Music gave him courage and bravery. When he listened to the song, it made his spirit fly like a kite in the wind. Music gave him strength and brought him relief. It was the rock I leant on to become strong and to get through those hard times. I hope none of us have to go through the same kind of suffering that he did. At the same time, we all go through various periods when we feel sad or alone. During those times, music can help us in the same way that it helped him. I hope we all will somehow begin to treasure music and make it a part of our life. Thank you for your listening !5.Revise your writing each other.Does he/she explain how music has changed his/her/someone else’s life?Are some of the rhetorical devices included and used properly ?Does he/she talk about how music makes him/her/someone feel?Is the first word in each sentences capitalised?Does he/she use correct punctuation ?
人教部编版七年级语文上册散文诗二首教案
【设计亮点】这是两篇自读文章，我们首先要明确统编教材“教读课文”“自读课文”“课外阅读”“三位一体”的阅读体系，其次要明确教读和自读的区别。教读是教师引导，运用一定的阅读策略和阅读方法，完成阅读任务，达成阅读目标的一种阅读学习，目的是学“法”。自读课以学生自主阅读实践为主线，是学生运用在教读中获得的阅读经验，自主阅读，强化阅读方法，沉淀为能力，目的是用“法”。所以自读课文重在“导”，引导学生方法迁移、问题探究、多维批注、比较阅读；引导学生用好旁批，启发阅读，写好旁批，提高阅读质量；引导学生用好阅读提示，自主阅读、独立阅读，并尽可能向课外阅读延伸，培养阅读兴趣和习惯。所以自读课是联结课内与课外的重要纽带，是实现学生素养提升的关键环节。【名家点评】1.一代代的青年读到冰心的书，懂得了爱：爱星星、爱大海、爱祖国，爱一切美好的事物。我希望年轻人都读一点冰心的书，都有一颗真诚的爱心。（巴金）2.一颗善良美丽的星辰陨落了，而她的光芒，将永远留在几代人的心里……（魏巍）
人教部编版语文八年级上册短文二篇教案
陶弘景隐居茅山时期，仍然关心社会的发展，希望社会稳定，天下百姓都能安居乐业。梁武帝很感激陶弘景给予的有力支持，亲提御毫，写了一封情真意切的御诏，文曰：“山中何所有？卿何恋而不返？”盼望陶弘景出山辅政，重列朝班。然而陶弘景下定了不出山的决心，他先写了一首诗，后画了一幅画作为回答。诗为《诏问山中何所有赋诗以答》：“山中何所有，岭上多白云。只可自怡悦，不堪持赠君。”画的内容是：两头牛，一头散放水草之间，自由自在；一头套着金笼头，被人用牛绳牵着，用牛鞭驱赶。梁武帝看了诗和画，领会了他的用意，就不再强迫他出来做官了。但是“国家每有吉凶征讨大事，无不前以咨询”，故当时人称陶弘景为“山中宰相”。林语堂《苏东坡传》中这样评价苏轼
人教部编版语文八年级上册散文二篇教案
师：既然活得这么痛苦，为什么罗素说是“值得”的？预设 （1）罗素胸怀广阔，勇于担当，要为解除天下百姓的苦难而活着，因此付出辛苦是值得的；（2）罗素不以苦为苦，而以苦为乐，因此痛苦的生活是值得的；（3）苦中伴随着乐，例如爱情会带来欢愉，同时征服了苦难也会产生胜利的喜悦，因此苦乐相伴的体验是值得的；（4）虽然罗素最终没能减轻人类的不幸，甚至自己也深受其害，但毕竟努力过，奋斗过，这一切都是值得的。2.思维拓展师：像罗素一样心忧天下的人还有很多，你想到了谁？课件出示：屈原：长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰。杜甫：安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜！范仲淹：先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。阿诺德：“同情，使软弱的人觉得这个世界温柔，使坚强的人觉得这个世界高尚。”……师小结：罗素追求爱情、知识、同情心，作为中学生的我们更应该有自己的追求。我们的追求要有利于社会的发展，要符合社会的进步要求，这样，我们的追求才会更有意义。【设计意图】设计此环节，一是为了深化对本文的理解，二是让学生思维拓展延伸，联想更多与罗素类似同情人类苦难的人，培养学生正确的人生观，用榜样去影响学生。【板书设计】
人教部编版语文八年级上册消息二则教案
【活动二：学做播音员】用恰当的语调、语速、节奏播报这两则消息。师：如果你是播音员，要向全国人民播报这则振奋人心的消息，你会怎么播报？（任选一则）点拨：把握语调、语速、节奏等要素。新闻以陈述事实为主要内容，它不像散文、诗歌，有强烈的情感。新闻中很少用到叹号、问号等，所以播报的时候一般采用陈述语气。另外，要读出导语和主体之间的层次感，导语和主体之间停顿的时间可以稍长一点儿。像本课这样激动人心的消息，播报的时候声调可以高亢一些。【设计意图】此环节能让学生亲身体会新闻语言的特点，更深入地把握新闻内容，进一步感知新闻的特征。强烈的代入感也能让学生更直观、生动地内化学到的知识。三、学写新闻师：请大家把班里最近发生的新鲜事写成新闻，注意“六要素”“五部分”“三特点”，注意客观叙述，表达出自己的态度。
人教部编版语文八年级下册《礼记》二则教案
预设 （1）“大道”可以理解为治理社会的最高准则。“大同”指儒家的理想社会或人类社会的最高阶段。“大道之行也”是指执政者施行“大道”，老百姓便可以生活在安定和平的大同社会。（2）天下为公；选贤与能，讲信修睦。（3）“大同”社会是以“五帝之世”的传闻为依据，经过加工提炼而后构想出来的一个理想社会的模式。意在建立一个合理的社会，以消除现实社会中的黑暗现象和不合理的地方。3.拓展延伸师：你认为这种理想社会在当时实现了吗？如何理解这种思想？（生交流讨论，师引导）预设 “谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作”是一种和平安定的局面，是对“大同”社会的一个总结，这个理想在当时并没有实现，因为小生产的物质基础不足以支撑“大同”社会的运转，还有搞阴谋、盗窃财物和作乱等奸邪之事。这种理想在当时虽不能实现，但它具有积极意义，是我们的精神财富。
人教部编版语文八年级下册《诗经》二首教案
1.《蒹葭》中的“伊人”究竟为何人？长期以来，人们对《蒹葭》主题的解读众说纷纭，莫衷一是，直接导致了对诗中“伊人”形象有多重理解。持“爱情说”者，认为“伊人”是意中人；持“政治说”者，认为“伊人”是贤能之人；持“理想说”者，认为“伊人”象征着理想。其实，无论“伊人”是何人，指的是什么，诗歌中的主人公都是经历了许多波折，一直苦苦追寻着“伊人”。这其实体现了一种深刻的人生意义，美好的事物总是可望难即的，不管最后主人公是否寻得“伊人”，这追寻过程本身就具有极大的意义。2.《关雎》和《蒹葭》在内容情感和表现形式上有什么异同?相同点：《关雎》和《蒹葭》都属于《诗经》中的“国风”，都是当时的民歌；都运用了“兴”的手法，借景抒情，托物寄意；都大量使用重章叠句的艺术形式，反复咏唱；在语言形式上大多四言一句，二二拍，一般隔句用韵，但并不拘泥，而是富于变化；都使用了双声叠韵词，富于声韵美。
人教部编版语文八年级下册《庄子》二则教案
庄子是战国时期著名的思想家、哲学家和文学家。他是道家学派主要代表人物之一，他继承并发展了老子的思想，与老子并称“老庄”。《庄子》又名《南华经》，是道家经典著作之一。《庄子》主要反映了庄子的批判哲学、美学等，其内容丰富，博大精深，涉及哲学、人生、政治、社会、艺术、宇宙生成论等诸多方面。《庄子》是一部文学的典范著作。“道”是庄子思想的核心，“逍遥游”是庄子不满黑暗现实的羁绊而提出的一种生活方式与社会理想。庄子主张超然物外，绝对自由地生活在世界上，他认为生命的意义不在于庸俗地活着，而在于逍遥地神游，这些精神的遨游是绝对自由的，在庄子看来，自然是一种超凡脱俗的状态，一种妙不可言的境界。庄子的“逍遥游”是一种感性的生活方式，他告诉我们要去追求功利之外独立的生命价值，追求人生的真实自我。从当下来看，庄子追求的逍遥境界，是无法实现的主观唯心主义幻想，是一种乌托邦式的美好的臆想。
