一、新课导入1918年1月,《新青年》首次发表了白话诗九首,这九首诗开创了中国新诗的先河。沈尹默作为北大知名教授,他发表的这首《月夜》便是其中之一。有人说,正是因为这首诗的存在,中国面世的这一小批现代诗歌作品才可以说真正地显示出现代性。这首诗在文学史上地位如此之高,它到底具有怎样的魅力呢?下面,就让我们一起走进这首诗。(板书课题)【设计意图】简要介绍《月夜》在中国文学史上的地位,引起同学探究这首诗的兴趣。二、初读诗歌,描绘画面1.学生自由朗读诗歌,了解诗歌内容,体会诗歌的韵律。2.这首小诗描绘了一幅月夜图景,请用自己的语言将这幅月夜图描绘出来。预设 深秋的夜晚,明月高照,寒风呼啸,“我”与一株顶高的树并排站立,没有依靠。【设计意图】
3.注意环境描写对主题表达的暗示作用。小说中,环境描写也是为主题表达服务的,它有极强的暗示和埋伏笔作用。例如《变色龙》中的“四下里一片沉静。广场上一个人也没有。商店和饭馆的门无精打采地敞着”“门口连一个乞丐也没有”等环境描写,反映了沙皇专制统治下社会的萧条和死气沉沉。总之,理解小说主题的方法是多种多样的,不仅仅局限于以上所谈到的几个方面,我们在解读小说时要注意把虚构的内容与现实相结合,善于将小说与人生、社会、人性结合起来综合分析,这样才能更好地把握小说的主题。疑难探究席加洛夫将军及其哥哥在文中是个怎样的形象?在这篇小说中,席加洛夫将军及其哥哥这两个人物,始终没有出场,但是在围观群众及将军家厨子的口中却又无处不在。通过大家随着狗主人身份的变化而不断转变态度这一点,就可以看出当时社会中这两个人的霸道和权势熏天。就连他们家的一条狗,大家都惹不起,这是多么令人悲哀的社会现实。
2.分析写作特点。本文是如何把议论、抒情和叙事融为一体的?预设 本文是奏章,内容是作者出师前向后主刘禅陈述意见,提出修明政治、兴复汉室的主张。因此,全文以议论为主,在议论中融以叙事和抒情,以做到对刘禅晓之以理、动之以情而达到劝谏的目的。论述切中要害,分析透辟,针对性强;寓情于议,情理交融,言辞恳切,说服力强。叙事,寓情于事,委婉动人,感情真挚。所叙之事如推荐贤才,讲身世,谈经历,都是为议论服务,使他对刘禅提出的建议与要求有理有据,更能使人信服。 结束语:诸葛亮知恩图报,忠心为国。他有高度的责任感、使命感,他为国家鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已,当我们吟诵“出师未捷身先死,长使英雄泪满襟”的诗句时,会深深地体味出杜甫对诸葛亮的仰慕和惋惜之情;当我们解读“出师一表真名世,千载谁堪伯仲间”这两句诗时,更是深深地被陆游满腔豪情所感染。四、布置作业
以朗读为切入点,帮助学生掌握赏析诗歌的一般路径。《海燕》是一篇经典的散文诗,其极富感染力的语言需要通过反复诵读去体会。在第1课时中,课堂以朗读为核心,通过朗读全文,体会情感的变化,理清文章层次结构,通过朗读海燕活动的环境的句子,体会海燕的象征意义。同时,对具体诗句应当如何朗读的揣摩,也提升了学生的朗读技巧。通过分析关键词句,深入把握具体形象的象征意义。学生在第1节课时中已经知道了象征手法,但这种理解可能只是停留在“知道”的层面。要帮助学生真正体会作者赋予这些形象的深刻意义,可以通过分析课文里含有象征意味的关键性词语或句子的方法,通过师生互动,理解作者要表达的真实意思。这种方法让学生进一步理解了作者要表达的真实意图和情感,避免了对文本的浅显化解读,培养了学生深入分析诗歌的能力。
本文的抒情语句虽然不多,但也很有特点。一是蕴含于叙述之中,如第2段开头“当余之从师也”,结尾“况才之过于余者乎”,在叙述中表露出浓厚的感慨、叹息意味;二是潜藏在议论中,如文章结尾“余之志也”“岂知予者哉”两句,在议论中表明自己的心志意向,有一唱三叹、低回婉转之致。【设计意图】对于具体的内容细节的分析,有助于学生理解表现手法、写作手法的概念。赏析文章的表现手法和写作手法有一定的难度,通过合作探究的方式,学生能互相帮助,加深理解。三、发表观点,个性表达1.作者家贫嗜学,乐以忘忧,在老师面前不敢出一言。谈谈你是怎样看待这种学习态度和从师尊师的方式的。预设 【示例】作者虽然家庭贫困,但依然好学,即使身处富贵的同窗之中,也不羡慕别人,而是以学习为乐,这种勤奋好学、坦然乐观的精神值得我们学习。面对老师时态度恭敬,这是我们作为学生应该做到的,但是学贵有疑,当我们有疑惑时应及时向老师提出,和老师共同商讨,这样才能不断进步。(引导学生用现代观念审视作品的思想内涵。可以各抒己见,不强求答案统一。)
1.环境本身的特点。①交代故事发生的时间、地点,交代背景;②体现时间或情节的变化;③渲染、营造氛围。2.环境描写与人物的关系。①烘托人物心情;②烘托人物形象;③暗示人物的前途命运。3.环境描写对情节的作用。推动情节发展、为下文情节做铺垫、埋下伏笔等。4.环境描写对主题的作用。①暗示文章的中心;②借景抒情,情景交融。环境描写的作用不是单一的,要结合具体句子分析其作用。疑难探究本文是如何描写环境,尤其是怒江的?文中有大段的环境描写,刻画了怒江大峡谷的陡峭、艰险。先是听到声音,然后才是远眺。感觉怒江“深远似涓涓细流”,再近看,俯瞰江底“蓦地心中一颤”,将远眺、俯瞰与听觉相结合,多角度展示峡谷壁顶孤悬、高峻、险恶的特点,烘托出峡谷的险峻气势。“一派森气”“蓦地心中一颤”等心理方面的细节描写,则充分抒发了“我”初次直面峡谷时的震颤、惊恐之情,使人读来有身临其境之感。环境描写是为了突出人,特别是马帮汉子的彪悍和野性,他们常年穿行在这样的险境,却潇洒自如,举重若轻,表现了西南边陲边民的无畏与勇敢。
(1)看题目。题目中蕴含着诸多信息,如时间、地点、人物、事件以及诗人的心情、诗歌的意境、诗歌的类型等。抓住这一切入点,有助于我们理解诗歌的思想感情。(2)看作者。作品是作者思想情感的具体化,所以,要准确理解诗词,把握作品的思想感情,就不能脱离作者孤立地臆断。作者的生平、写作风格、思想等等,无不影响着作者的情绪,所以,在鉴赏作品时,首先要了解作者的相关背景等。(3)看时代。把握时代风貌特征,把诗歌放在时代背景下评析,才能准确领悟其蕴含的思想感情。(4)看意象。诗歌的创作讲究含蓄、凝练。诗人的抒情往往不是情感的直接流露,而是注重弦外之音、言外之意。写景则借景抒情,咏物则托物言志。因此意象也就是作者的主观感情与客观物象的完美结合,是诗人情感显现的载体。把握诗中的意象,就能参悟意境,理解诗中蕴含的情感。
意境是什么?意境是艺术的灵魂。是客观事物精粹部分的集中,加上人的思想感情的陶铸,经过高度艺术加工达到情景交融、借景抒情,从而表现出来的艺术境界、诗的境界,就叫作意境。艺术从生活中来,但它不等同于生活。艺术与生活是辩证关系,生活是艺术唯一的源泉,艺术来源于生活,是现实生活的反映,但艺术中反映出来的生活,可以而且应当比实际的生活更高,更典型,更理想。就是说,艺术又要求对生活进行高度集中和概括,要求典型化、理想化,从而创造出比现实更美好、更富有诗意、更理想的艺术境界,创造出革命时代新的意境。这是革命的现实主义与革命的浪漫主义相结合的创作方法最基本的一条,也是其他的创作方法所不及、难以充分达到的。千余年来,中国山水画为什么那么发达,这与河山壮丽是分不开的。中国向来把江山、河山、山水作为祖国的象征或代词。
如何理解文中对于言与意关系的分析?文章分析了言和意的关系,认为言是用以表达情感意绪的工具,但意“决不是完全可以”用言来传达的。因为意是丰富的、无限的、缥缈易逝的,具有混整的特性;而一旦用言语表现出来,意思就固定了、单一了,如果再考虑交流中信息的损耗、接受者理解的不同等因素,用言来表现的意就会出现偏差,而失去其丰富性。这里道出了人类语言先天的局限性。自从产生语言,人类逐渐习惯于以语言来思维,以固定的语义系统来指称和描述外在世界,但世界是丰富的、具体的,语言却是概括的、抽象的,再完备的语义系统,都无法完全准确地指称和描摹每一个个体事物。 黑格尔甚至断言:“语言本质上只表达普遍的东西,但人们所想的却是特殊的东西,因此不能用语言表达人们所想的东西。”因而,作者说,以言语来表达丰富的“意”,“好像用断续的虚线画实物,只能得其近似”。当然,如果通过词语、概念的辨析,使语言表述精确化、严密化,或者采用修辞或文学的手段,拓展语言的表现力和表现空间,就可以尽可能地使“言” 来表达丰富的“意”。
这一特点还着重体现在动词的应用上面,“鸟宿池边树,僧敲月下门”中的“敲”,就比“推”更能体现诗中以动衬静的特点。在字词上不断推敲,就能体会到诗歌语言高度凝练的特点。再说,古人创作古诗词,并不是写出来的,而是吟咏出来的,他们十分注重音韵在表情达意方面的作用。李清照的《声声慢》便是一个极好的例子,开头“寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚”十四个叠字,读起来抑扬顿挫,缠绵哀婉,将李清照情绪上的失落、低沉,甚至哽咽展现得淋漓尽致。正因为诗歌的这三个鲜明特点,使得诗歌与别的文体区分开来,具有鲜明的个性。师点评:对于诗歌的扩写,要通过多种方式展现诗歌的主要特点。对诗歌的扩写练习,要求从诗歌意象、语言和节奏韵律三方面展开。首先,这篇习作从三个不同时代的诗歌总结出相同的规律——利用意象表达情感。其次,将古诗词与现代诗进行对比,展现了第二个特点。最后,以《声声慢》为例,详细分析了第三个特点。在紧密围绕诗歌特点的基础上,通过多种方法呈现了对诗歌的认识。
目标导学三:学习综合运用多种表达方式明确:本文以记叙为主,穿插着议论、抒情。第一部分,作者首先抒发了自己的亲身感受,又以“谁是我们最可爱的人”设问作为记叙、议论的中心,接着用一个气势磅礴的排比句揭示了志愿军战士的精神风貌,从意志、品质、气质、胸怀四个方面进行高度评价和赞美,为文章具体事例的叙述做了思想认识方面的提示和感情的铺垫。第二部分,文章以记叙为主,具体叙述了三个典型事例,在叙述完每一个事例后,文章都穿插了议论、抒情。这些议论抒情,既起到深化主题的作用,又增强了文章的感染力。第三部分,作者告诉人们要珍惜战士们用鲜血和生命换来的幸福生活。没有用单调枯燥的说教,而是用朋友的恳谈来启迪人们感受到幸福生活的来之不易。拓展延伸:收集新时代“最可爱的人”典型事迹的资料,准备举办演讲会。
一、导入新课同学们,在古典小说《水浒传》中,那些侠肝义胆、疾恶如仇的英雄人物总是那样令人印象深刻。比如“及时雨”宋江、“黑旋风”李逵、“一丈青”扈三娘……今天,我们学习的刘绍棠的《蒲柳人家》中也有一位绰号叫“一丈青”的大娘,她又是怎样一个人物呢?就让我们一起走近刘绍棠,走近他笔下栩栩如生的人物形象。二、教学新课目标导学一:感知内容,梳理故事情节快速浏览课文,根据相关情节,自拟标题。明确:第一节:(1)何满子被拴葡萄架;(2)一丈青迷信绣肚兜;(3)一丈青大闹运河滩;(4)一丈青妙手救病人;(5)一丈青百般疼孙子。第二节:(1)何大学问威震古北口;(2)何大学问仗义热肠;(3)何大学问请师教孙子;(4)何大学问怒拴何满子。目标导学二:分析人物形象,把握人物性格特征1.小说中的主要人物有哪些?他们分别具有怎样的形象特点?
3.要语言流畅,不要拖泥带水要把演讲者在头脑里构思的一切都写出来或说出来,让人们看得见,听得到,就必须借助语言这个交流思想的工具。写作演讲稿在语言运用上应注意以下三个问题:(1)口语化。“上口”“入耳”,这是对演讲语言的基本要求,也就是说演讲的语言要口语化。演讲,说出来的是一连串声音,听众听到的也是一连串声音。听众能否听懂,要看演讲者能否说得好,更要看演讲稿是否写得好。如果演讲稿不“上口”,那么演讲的内容再好,也不能使听众“入耳”,完全听懂。写作演讲稿时,应把长句改成短句,把倒装句改成正装句,把单音词换成双音词,把听不明白的文言词语、成语改换或删去。演讲稿写完后,要念一念,听一听,看看是不是“上口”“入耳”。
三维目标1.知识与技能(1)让学生经历用7、8、9的乘法口诀求商的过程,掌握用乘法口诀求商的一般方法。(2)使学生会综合应用乘、除法运算解决简单的或稍复杂的实际问题。2.过程与方法在解决问题的过程中,让学生初步尝试运用分析、推理和转化的学习方法。3.情感、态度与价值观让学生在学习中体验到成功的喜悦,增强学生学好数学的信心。重、难点与关键1.重点:使学生熟练应用乘法口诀求商,经历从实际问题中抽象出一个数是另一个数的几倍的数量关系的过程,会用乘法口诀求商的技能解决实际问题。2.难点:应用分析推理将一个数是另一个数的几倍是多少的数量关系转化为一个数里面有几个另一个数的除法含义。3.关键:以解决问题为载体,培养学生的数感。
学生搜集中外重要节日及部分中外名人的生日所在的月份。教师准备相关节日及部分中外名人的图片或音像资料片。教师课前准备Let’s find out2的配图画好春、夏、秋、冬四个方框。录音:Listen and number。教学过程:Warm up (热身)活动一复习单词教学参考时间:3分钟(1)教师播放Let’s chant部分的歌谣,学生听一遍后跟唱。(2)出示带有各个月份特征的单词卡片。学生看图说出单词,并一起拼读其缩写形式。帮助学生在有节奏的说唱中巩固记忆单词,为在后面活动中学生能够熟练应用作铺垫。活动二 复习句子教学参考时间:5分钟(1)师生同唱Let’s chant部分歌谣“When Is Your Birthday?”。(2)教师引导学生看歌谣下面的翻滚过山车的动画,师生进行问答,如:When is the rabbit’s birthday? It’s in May. 等。教师示范后请学生进行Pair work,也可以展开竞赛的形式进行“连锁问答”。巩固有关生日问答的语句,为Let’s find out1的活动做准备。
The topic of this part is “Write about your festival experience”.During the Listening and Speaking and Talking, students are just asked to say out their festival experiences such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Day, but this part students will be asked to write down their own festival experiences. During the reading part, it introduces the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which can give students a good example to imitate. Students not only learn the festival, but touch and feel the Inner Mongolian’s character, the spirit and cultural atmosphere, which can help students form the cultural awareness and learn to enjoy and value the diversity of Chinese culture.Concretely, the dairy tells the experience that the author spent the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with his/her friend. The structure is clear. In the opening paragraph, it introduces the topic of the Naadam Festival and the whole feeling. Then it introduces the items of the festival like the ceremony, wrestling and horse racing. Finally, it summarizes this experience. Because this part is a travel journal, we must guide students pay more attention to these details: 1. use the first person. 2. use the past tense to tell the past thing and use the present or future tense to describe the scenery. 3. use the timeline to tell the development. 4. be careful for the author’s psychology, emotion and feeling, etc.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information about Naadam Festival.2. Learn the structure of the reading article and language.3. Write an article about a festival experience4. Learn to use the psychology, emotions and feeling in the writing.1. Write an article about a festival experience.2. Use the structure of the reading article and language.
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “talking about how to become an astronaut”. This period is aimed to inform students some details about the requirements of being an astronaut. Students can be motivated and inspired by the astronauts. Teachers ought to encourage students to learn from them and let them aim high and dream big.Listening and Talking introduces the theme of "talk about life in space". This part also informs students more details about life in space and can inspire students to be curious about this job. 1. Guide students to listen for numbers concerning dates, years and ages etc2. Cultivate students' ability to talk about how to become an astronaut and life in space ; 3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “ first of all, I am not sure, so what might be .. I guess.. I wonder…I am curious…)appropriately.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of the whole and key details; 2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to become a qualified astronaut and describe the life in space.Part 1: Listening and SpeakingStep 1: Lead inPredictionThe teacher can ask students to predict what the listening text is about by looking at the pictures.About how to become an astronaut./the requirements of an astronautStep 2: Then, play the radio which is about an interview a. And after finishing listening for the first time, the students need to solve the following tasks.
Q4: What is the function of the International exploration ?Having astronauts from different countries on boardQ5: What can you learn from Para 4 ?China has made great achievements in exploring spaceQ6: What is the attitude to the space exploration ?SupportiveStep 6 Post reading---RetellPeople have always wanted to learn more about space. Before the mid-20th century, most people felt (1)_________ (travel) into space was an impossible dream. However, (2)____ the help of scientists, peoplesucceeded in realizing their dream (3) _________ (explore) space. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik 1 satellite (4) ____________(launch) by the USSR. (5) ________________ scientists try to make sure nothing goes wrong, accidents can still happen. These disasters made everyone(6)___________(disappoint), but people still believe in the importance of (7) ________(carry) on space exploration. In 2003, China became the third country to (8)_____________ (independent) send humans into space. Then Shenzhou 6 and 7 completed (9)____ second manned orbit and the first Chinese spacewalk. In spite of the difficulties, scientists hope future (10)__________ (discovery) will not only enable us to understand the universe but also help us survive well into the future.Answers: 1. travelling 2. with 3. to explore 4. was launched 5. Although6. disappointed 7. carrying 8. independently 9. a 10. discoveriesStep 6 Post reading---Critical thinkingQ1: What do you think of the space exploration ? I think it is beneficial to us. Through further study of space, people will make full use of it in the future, such as the space experiments by Wang Yaping in Tian Gong 1.Q2: If you are determined to be an astronaut, what should you prepare at present ?First of all, I should study hard to get a related college degree. Besides, I must keep mental and physical healthy.Step 7. HomeworkTry to summarize the structure of the article by a mind map.
另一方面,其余的人反对这个计划,因为它可能会导致一些不好的影响。7.I hold the belief that space exploration not only enable us to understand how the universe began but also help us survived well into the future.我坚信探索太空不仅能够使我们了解宇宙的起源而且能够帮助我们更好地走进未来。8.I think we should spend more time and money exploring space so as to provide new and better solutions to people's shortterm and longterm problems.为了给人类的短期和长期问题提供更新和更好的解决方法,我认为我们应该花更多的时间和金钱来探索太空。9.From my point of view,it is wrong of young people to depend on their telephones too much,which may do harm to both their physical and mental health.在我看来,年轻人过度依赖手机是不对的,因为它们可能会对他们的身心健康都有害。最近你班同学就“人类是否应该进行宇宙探索”这个问题进行了激烈的讨论。有人认为,探索宇宙不仅让人类更好地了解宇宙的发展,还可以用来指导农业生产,以及把一些探索太空的高新技术用于现实生活;也有一些人认为探索太空花掉了大量的人力物力;影响了人们的生活水平。请你根据以下情况写一篇报告并发表自己的观点。注意:1.写作内容应包括以上全部要点,可适当发挥,使上下文连贯;
Everybody wants to get wealth.In today’s material world,making money or becoming wealthy symbolizes a person’s success and capability. Many people just make every effort, pay any price to attain greater wealth. With money,they can buy nice, large apartments in nice neighborhood. With money they can own luxurious cars. Wealth seems to bring all happiness in life.But is wealth the only road to happiness? Not really. There are many things in the world, which are beyond the means of money, such as friendship, love, health and knowledge. People are so preoccupied with struggling for money that they have no time or would not take the time to form or maintain friendship. What happiness can they feel living as lonely miserable creatures without love or friends in the world even if they accumulate tremendous wealth?In my opinion, people can’t do anything without money, but money is not everything. What money will bring you depends on your personal belief and goal in life. If you are kind enough to help others, especially the poor, money is a good thing to you. With it, you can do much more for the benefit of people and your country, and it will add to your own happiness. If you want money just for your own needs, you’ll never be satisfied or happy. In a word,you should have money spent for more people. Only then can money be the source of your happiness.Step 8 Homework4 students in a group, one acts Roderick, one Oliver, one servant and the fourth one acts Henry Adams, then listen to the tape, pay more attention to the difference between American English and British English in pronunciation, stress, tone.