材料一 正当隋唐之际中国封建社会各种典章制度臻于完备时期,大量日本留学生来华学习。他们归国后,自然会将中日两国从多方面加以比较,更易看出日本的差距,要求仿效中国、进行变革的愿望更加强烈,从而加速了大化改新局面的出现。——摘编自田久川《古代中日关系史》材料二 1872年清政府选派的第一批30名留美幼童从上海登船放洋。由于风气未开,广大北方地区没有一人入选,学生都来自东南沿海的省份,特别是广东南海、新会一带。……他们在国外刻苦求学、勤勉自励,大多学有所成。归国后,在教育、外交、工会、军事等领域都做出了重要贡献。——摘编自林文《洋务运动时期留学教育评析》
改革是国家发展的动力。阅读下列材料:材料一:19世纪60年代开始的这场……自强运动还是给中国的窗户开了一条缝,风的确是吹进来了,也奠定了中国工业的一个初步基础,让中国人看到了什么是西方工业。--摘自张鸣《重说中国近代史》请回答:(1)材料一中的“运动”指的是哪场运动?这场运动的主张与魏源在哪本书里提出的思想相似?同一时期,俄国进行的改革与中国这场运动的结果有什么不同?(2)根据材料二,概括出中国经济成分发生了怎样的变化?
阅读材料,完成下列要求。(9分)材料一:在隋唐发明印刷术的基础上,北宋时期,中国发明了胶泥活字印刷木,其“一板印刷,一板已布字。更互用之,瞬息可就”, 而且原材料消耗大为降低。元朝时,王祯又发明了木活字,并创造了排字“转盘”。明清时期,还出现了锡活字、铅活字、钢活字等印刷技术的新尝试。1440~1448年之间,德国人谷腾堡发明了铅活字印刷术。——摘编自黄悦翎、匡导球:《造纸术和活字印刷术在欧洲的传播及其影响》等材料二: ①1550年欧洲学者约维斯说:在广州的印刷工人采用与我们相同的方法,印刷各种书籍。②20世纪出土的敦煌回鹘文木活字,据考证,这些“字母活字”实物出现的年代大约为12世纪末到13世纪上半叶。③有学者认为:中国的活字印刷术向西是经过西域传到波斯、埃及直至欧洲的。(1)材料一中,隋唐发明的“印刷术”指什么?“胶泥活字印刷术”是谁发明的? (2分)
16.思想文化的新旧更替,展示了人类社会的风云变幻。阅读下列材料,请回答问题。材料一 18、19世纪的革命者在启蒙思想的指导下,试图通过建立于一个能够代表民众利益和需求的政府来构建一个公平公正的社会。……法国革命者废除了君主政体,重新构建了社会秩序。……19世纪初,拿破仑·波拿巴将法国置于军事统治之下,使革命理念得以在西欧大部分地区传播开来。——《简明新全球史》材料二 大约在150年前,(一个)位于太平洋西岸的岛国,在西方殖民者坚船利炮的胁迫下遭遇了巨大的生存危机,出人意料的是,它将此作为自己弃旧图新、迎头赶上的历史机遇,并最终使自己成为东方世界第一个摆脱西方大国的欺凌、顺利实现现代化的国家。——《大国崛起》
材料二 台湾与大陆血肉相连,同根同源,是不可分割的……1984年2月,邓小平明确指出,祖国统一后,“台湾仍搞它的资本主义,大陆搞社会主义,但是是一个统一的中国”。……1992年,海峡两岸达成“九二共识”,有力推进了两岸关系的发展。——改编自岳麓版教材《中国历史》八年级下册请回答:(1)读材料一,请指出图一是什么文字?(1分)图二是哪位皇帝采取的改革措施?(1分)这一措施有哪些历史作用?(2分)(2)材料二中提到了我国实行的哪一项基本国策?(1分)这一基本国策在哪两个地区已经成功践行?(2分)材料二中“九二共识”的含义是什么?(1分)
材料 鸦片战争以后,中国闭关锁国政策被打破,落后的中国被迫向世界先进文明靠拢。西方列强在中国通商口岸开设工厂,舶来洋货,西方文化逐步渗透到国民生活中。戊戌变法时的维新派,主张“断发易服”以便于“与欧美同俗”,辛亥革命前后,“断发易服”更具有了反清革命的色彩,资产阶级在社会政治变革的同时,也对陈旧陋习加以改造,这具有开启民智的意义。南京临时政府成立后,颁布剪发辫、易服饰等法令,推进社会风气的改良。这些新的变化有助于中国近代社会的新陈代谢。
材料一 康熙皇帝说:“今天下大事皆朕一人亲理,无可旁贷,若将要务分任他人,则不可行。所以无论巨细,朕必躬自断制。”材料二 英国《权利法案》规定:凡未经议会同意,以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭(jiàn超越本分)越权力,为非法权力;凡未经议会准许,借口国王特权,为国王而征收或供国王使用而征收金钱,超出议会准许之时限或方式者,皆为非法。材料三 孙中山说:“我们革命的目的是为中国谋幸福。因不愿少数满洲人专制,故要民族革命;不愿君主一人专制,故要政治革命;不愿少数富人专制,故要社会革命。”
24.阅读下列材料: 时间(年)197819821985198719891991进出口总额(亿元)355771.32066.73084.24155.97225.8 材料一 中国对外贸易货物进出口总额——据中华人民共和国国家统计局官网最初,中国方面大量进口原材料,如农产品(主要是谷物)、合成纤维、木材、化学品。但后来,当中国的农业生产能够自给自足时,进口的重点转向了工业机械、制成品、技术、办公室设备、商用飞机……。——摘编自徐中约《中国近代史:1600—2000,中国的奋斗》
材料二 中国与印度、美国钢和电产量的比较 中国(1952年产量)印度(1950年产量)美国(1950年产量)钢产量(人均)2.37千克4千克538.3千克发电量(人均)2.76千瓦时10.9千瓦时2949千瓦时----《中国历史》八年级下册
All thefamily—my grandparents, my parents, my aunt and uncle, my cousin, my sister andI— ___22___ the turkey. However, turkey is not the easiestthing to ___23___. It takes a lot of time to prepare and a lot ofwork to cook…and there are a lot of chances for things to go wrong.
Bike-to-Work Day is held every year across North America on thethird Friday of May. It was started by the League of American Bicyclistsin 1956. Its aim is to promote (促进) the bicycle as a serious choice of getting toand from work. In today’s world where global warming is a serious issue, thebicycle is a perfect way of reducing our carbon (碳) footprint.
FIFA World Cup is one of the biggest sportsevents in the world. It ___11___every 4 years. The first World Cup was in 1930. It has a history of over 90years. During the World Cup, ___12___fans watch the games and cheer for their favorite teams or players.
An unexpected thing happened in the ____11____ of my eleventh year. Thehome I had ____12____inwas burned to the ground in the middle of the night. ____13____ , mymom, dad, grandma, brothers and I escaped(幸免于难).
I lost mysmartphone at West Park on Loomis Road on Monday morning, Oct. 27. The photosin it haven’t been uploaded(上传)to the Cloud. They are very important to me.Please call me at 730-8607.
I often hear some students say English isdifficult, so they can’t learn it well. ___11___ English is very easy for me. I’m good ___12___ it. I’m very glad to tell you ___13___ about how I study English.
Liu Min is an English teacher. These days, herfamily are experiencing a different life of working and studying. They get upand do morning exercises at 6:30 in the living room. After breakfast, theystart their work and study. Her husband turns on his computer in the study (书房), reading his e-mails andmaking a list of today’s work.
Apassenger told an air hostess(空姐)that he needed a cup of water to take hismedicine when the plane just took off. She told him that she would bring himthe ___11___ in ten minutes.
Some schools have organized too many tests thatare too difficult. As a result, students have to study hard all the time andthey have been under a lot of stress. It has been harmful to students’ mental (心理的)and physical health and it must be changed.
Parents and children often face the challengesof money. Common topics include setting pocket money, learning to save, anddeciding to buy expensive things. The goal of most parents is to teach theirkids how to deal with money wisely. The goal of most kids is getting money tospend. How can families achieve these goals?
In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (树干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.