(3)、各种利益集团内部很少有什么民主机制,大都为少数人所控制——从利益集团内部的管理机制看;广大群众常常对某些组织寄予期望,投人力量,但是他们的利益却往往得不到关注。(4)、利益集团为政府腐败提供了肥沃的土壤。利益集团的活动方式,在很大程度上是用金钱购买政治影响力,是一种滋养腐败的行为——从利益集团对政府的负面影响看。实际上,在国会议员、政府官员与利益集团之间,已经形成一种相互依赖的共生关系。3、利益集团机制的隐蔽性、欺骗性及其实质:美国政坛中的利益集团机制,是资产阶级控制国家机器的一种特殊形式,具有相当强的隐蔽性和欺骗性。表面上看,利益集团是所谓的“民意代表”,向政府反映各阶层、群体的观点和利益,实质上是资产阶级在“民意”的幌子下控制权力。
这一句议论,呼应前文的记叙——母亲教“我”生产的知识,同情革命、支持革命,让“我”养成革命的意志。这些都是“我”感谢母亲的重要原因。“母亲是一个平凡的人,她只是中国千百万劳动人民中的一员,但是,正是这千百万人创造了和创造着中国的历史。”母亲勤苦一生,任劳任怨,反抗地主豪绅的欺压,坚强不屈,母亲就是一位普普通通的农妇,她是“平凡的”,但正是像母亲这样的千百万劳动人民,融汇成革命的洪流,推动着历史的发展,为我们的民族做出了不可磨灭的贡献,中国的现在、未来都将是劳动人民的。这句议论,将对母亲的深情与对民族、对广大劳动人民的深情融汇在一起。
三峡库区农村移民安置根本出路是通过发展大农业来解决耕地不足,不应盲目开垦荒坡地,防止产生新的水土流失,尽量避免生态环境恶化。2、就地后靠,就近安置模式三峡库区淹没区线状分布的受淹特点有别于一般水库淹没区的片状分布,使得库区移民具有相对分散的特点,且淹没涉及的356个乡镇没有一个被全淹,甚至全淹的村也很少,这有利于移民在本县甚至本乡就近后靠安置,避免了水库移民大量外迁、远迁所造成的种种困难和后遗症。三峡移民搬迁大多可以就地后靠,就近安置,这是三峡移民的一大特色。就近后靠安置的优点是不离本乡本土,移民容易接受,且避免了移民大量外迁、远迁所造成的困难和后遗症;缺点是容易对当地的生态环境造成过大的压力,如过度开垦坡地、破坏植被、加剧水土流失等。3、工程周期长,可从容安置移民三峡工程建设周期长(1994年~2009年,共17年),使得移民安置能够及早进行,可以从容安置移民的生产和生活。
①含义:即国家管理形式,是国家政权的组织形式②政体的必要性和重要性A、行使职能B、维护其根本利益掌握国家政权的阶级为实现政治统治、行使社会管理职能,必然要采取某种形式组织政权机关。统治阶级为维护其根本利益,总是力求采用最有效的政权组织形式。3、国体与政体的关系(板书)(1)、政体的多样性(2)、国体与政体的关系①国体决定政体,并通过一定的政体来体现;政体体现国体,并服务于特定的国体。适当的政体能够巩固国体,不适当的政体会危害国体。补充:政体由国体决定并反映国体,国体是主要的方面。但是,政体也具有一定的独立性,影响它形成的因素主要有:历史条件、阶级力量对比、传统习惯、国际环境影响等。②专政政体国体与政体,即是国家制度中内容与形式两个方面(3)从国体、政体两个方面看民主制国家补充:专政即是主要依靠暴力实行的统治,它与民主相对立,属于国体的范畴,而专制则与法制相对立,属于政体的范畴。
黄梅戏是安徽省的主要地方戏曲剧种,原名“黄梅调”或“采茶戏”。流行于安徽、湖北、江西、江苏等地。他的起源大约可以追溯到清朝乾隆年间,但形成一个完整的剧种,是十八世纪后期在皖、鄂、赣三省毗邻的黄梅县形成的,其中一支逐渐东移到安徽省怀宁县为中心的安庆地区,与当地民间艺术相结合,用当地语言歌唱、说白,形成了自己的特点,被称为“怀腔”或“怀调”,这就是今日黄梅戏的前身。主要剧目有:《天仙配》、《夫妻观灯》、《打猪草》等。黄梅戏《打猪草》由“二小”组成,人物是陶金花、金小毛,一个打猪草一个看竹笋。陶金花在打猪草时.拔草用劲过大,不小心碰断了金小毛家两根竹笋,慌忙用草将笋盖上,这时,在树上看笋的金小毛看见了,认为她有意偷笋,踩破了她的篮子。小姑娘哭着拉他去见妈妈,要他赔篮子。金小毛无奈,将舅母让他买盐的二百文钱赔她,她知道底细后不要金小毛赔了,说:“只要心意好,人好水也甜”,金小毛又把断了的竹笋一起送她,陶金花提不动,又帮着她送到家里。一路上边走边唱盘歌《对花》,什么花都问遍了,终于回到家中,金花妈妈不在家,金花打了三个鸡蛋,泡一碗炒米招待小毛,小戏在欢乐的气氛中结束了。在封建礼教统治森严的情况下,男女青年这种自由交往具有反封建的意义,剧中所表现的青春的活力、逗趣的语言和优美的曲调,使人如沐春风,具有亲切感人的魅力。《打猪草》的可贵之处就在于毫无造作,从唱词到表演都再现了生活的真情,犹如田野吹来的风,清凉爽快,沁人心脾。
一、导入新课同学们,在古典小说《水浒传》中,那些侠肝义胆、疾恶如仇的英雄人物总是那样令人印象深刻。比如“及时雨”宋江、“黑旋风”李逵、“一丈青”扈三娘……今天,我们学习的刘绍棠的《蒲柳人家》中也有一位绰号叫“一丈青”的大娘,她又是怎样一个人物呢?就让我们一起走近刘绍棠,走近他笔下栩栩如生的人物形象。二、教学新课目标导学一:感知内容,梳理故事情节快速浏览课文,根据相关情节,自拟标题。明确:第一节:(1)何满子被拴葡萄架;(2)一丈青迷信绣肚兜;(3)一丈青大闹运河滩;(4)一丈青妙手救病人;(5)一丈青百般疼孙子。第二节:(1)何大学问威震古北口;(2)何大学问仗义热肠;(3)何大学问请师教孙子;(4)何大学问怒拴何满子。目标导学二:分析人物形象,把握人物性格特征1.小说中的主要人物有哪些?他们分别具有怎样的形象特点?
[教学目标]1.知识与技能:巩固 100 以内数的认识,进一步理解数位和位值的含义,发展学生有序的思维能力,以及培养他们的归纳能力。2.过程与方法:学生经历“摆一摆、想一想”的主动探索的学习过程,探索出100 以内数的特点及规律。3.情感、态度与价值观:在实践操作中,通过找规律来发展学生的初步抽象思维能力。[重点难点]1.教学重点:进一步理解数位和位值的含义,发展学生有序的思维能力,以及培养他们的归纳能力。2.教学难点:发展学生有序的思维能力。[教学准备] 课件、数位表、磁力扣、围棋子(每人3 颗)。[教学过程]一、激趣导入1.用 1 颗棋子摆数。师:今天,我给同学们请来了一位好朋友,你们看!课件演示:同学们,大家好!我是围棋宝宝,今天我来和大家一起学习,你们高兴吗?这是你们学过的数位表吧?我也来看看!(围棋子跳到个位上)你们知道我现在表示几吗?为什么?生:表示 1,因为个位上有 1 个。
预设 大困难是由小困难组成的,小困难是不难战胜的,一步一步战胜了小困难,最后就能战胜大的困难。当然,重要的还在于走好每一步,一步一步坚持不懈地走下去。在人生道路上,面对困难,“走一步,再走一步”这种人生经验,给人以战胜一切艰难险阻的信心。结束语:古语说得好,“宝剑锋从磨砺出,梅花香自苦寒来”。人的一生少不了经受挫折与磨难,但也正是在战胜困难的经历中,我们的人生才变得充实而有意义。当我们面对困难时,鼓起勇气,大声地对自己说:“走一步,再走一步。”【设计意图】本环节巧妙运用课文批注,引发学生思考,并引导学生结合自己的生活体验,从几个角度,开放性探讨获得的人生启示,让学生在轻松的氛围中,获得启示,启迪他们在生活中去运用这些人生经验,战胜困难。
【教学提示】题目的设计意图是要培养同学们患难与共的爱心,克服困难的勇气和决心。目标导学二:分析环境和心理描写1.文章开头为什么突出“酷热”?明确:开头一自然段主要写孩子们为什么想到去爬悬崖。写天气的酷热,通过环境描写,突出了人物的心理,即酷热使人烦躁,小伙伴就厌倦了正在玩的游戏,从而想到很久没有爬悬崖。2.“时间在慢慢地过去。影子在慢慢拉长,太阳已经没在西边低矮的树梢下,夜幕开始降临。”“暮色中,第一颗星星出现在天空中,悬崖下面的地面开始变得模糊。”这两句话是什么描写?请简要分析其作用。明确:这是典型的环境描写,很好地烘托了“我”的恐惧心理。3.当“我”被弃于悬崖时,“我”的心理状态是怎样的?请从文中找出描写“我”处于险境中的心理状态的词句。明确:“我”的心理状态是恐惧。词语:阵阵晕眩、天旋地转、神情恍惚。句子:“我听见有人在哭泣、呻吟;我想知道那是谁,最后才意识到那就是我。”“我趴在岩石上,神情恍惚,害怕和疲劳已经让我麻木。”
师:很好。由于存在地球大气圈、地球水圈和地表的矿物,在地球上这个合适的温度条件下,形成了适合于生物生存的自然环境。人们通常所说的生物,是指有生命的物体,包括植物、动物和微生物。据估计,现有生存的植物约有40万种,动物约有110多万种,微生物至少有10多万种。据统计,在地质历史上曾生存过的生物约有5亿~10亿种之多,然而,在地球漫长的演化过程中,绝大部分都已经灭绝了。现存的生物生活在岩石圈的上层部分、大气圈的下层部分和水圈的全部,构成了地球上一个独特的圈层,称为生物圈。生物圈是太阳系所有行星中仅在地球上存在的一个独特圈层。课堂小结:地球所有的外部圈层是相互渗透、相互影响,甚至相互重叠的,在太阳和人类生活的参与下,整个地球生机盎然;同时,它们起着保护地球的作用,可以减弱太阳和宇宙辐射对地表的影响,减少宇宙中的陨石对地球表面的撞击。外部各圈中的物质运动和循环,是促使地表物质和形态演变的重要动力。
过渡:在实际生活中,城市内部空间结构并非完全按照这一经济规律呈现,而是更具复杂性。这说明除了经济因素外,还有很多其他因素在起作用,请大家结合你的认识、图2.9和案例1:纽约市的少数民族区谈谈你的看法。(2)其他因素I收入——形成不同级别住宅区的常见原因。有能力支付昂贵租金和选择最佳居住环境的人,其居住地往往形成高级住宅区。II知名度——城市内某些地区在历史、文化或经济方面具有很高的声誉,这往往会吸引更多新的住宅或商场建在该处,以提高其知名度。III种族聚居区的形成——在有些城市的某一区域内,如果某个种族或宗教团体占优势,就可能形成种族聚居区。如纽约市的唐人街、哈林区、小意大利区等。IV历史因素——城市的建筑物和街道设计可以维持久远,早期的土地利用方式对日后的功能分区有着深远的影响。
第一单元 圆1.圆的定义:平面上的一种曲线图形。2.将一张圆形纸片对折两次,折痕相交于圆中心的一点,这一点叫做圆心。圆心一般用字母O表示。它到圆上任意一点的距离都相等.3.半径:连接圆心到圆上任意一点的线段叫作半径。半径一般用字母r表示。把圆规两脚分开,两脚之间的距离就是圆的半径。4.圆心确定圆的位置,半径确定圆的大小。5.直径:通过圆心并且两端都在圆上的线段叫作直径。直径一般用字母d表示。6.在同一个圆内,所有的半径都相等,所有的直径都相等。7.在同一个圆内,有无数条半径,有无数条直径。8.在同一个圆内,直径的长度是半径的2倍,半径的长度是直径的一半。用字母表示为:d=2r r =1/2d 用文字表示为:半径=直径÷2 直径=半径×2
全班齐读第五段内容。请一位同学分析,接着让这位同学按他分析的读一遍。3、4两自然段的平缓之后,第5段作者的情感再次抬升。为了满足这种情感的张扬,作一口气连用了四个排比句式“现在是……时候”,一方面这是情感发泄的需要,另一方面这种排山倒海的语势也加强了内容的表达,极强地突出了现实为自由、平等而战的重要性。四、学会演讲我们刚才细读了课文,但读和讲是有区别的。所谓演讲,是一门语言艺术,它的主要形式是“讲”,即运用有声语言并追求言辞的表现力和声音的感染力;同时还要辅之以“演”,即运用面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态乃至一切可以理解的态势语言,使讲话“艺术化”起来,从而产生一种非凡的艺术魅力。那么,接下来就假设一下假如你是马丁·路德·金,你会怎样去讲这篇演讲辞。
一、导入新课年纪稍大的中国人应还记得,1968年春,"文革"还正如火如荼之际,毛泽东发表了一篇"五二O声明",全国各地为此举行了由上级组织的大规模游行。很多人应还记得,事情同马丁·路德·金被刺杀有关,而这位马丁·路德·金,乃是著名的美国黑人民权运动领袖。事过多年之后,我却发现,不少人居然把这位诺贝尔和平奖得主,同四百多年前那位德国宗教改革领袖马丁·路德相混淆,而对他的主要主张"非暴力抵抗",更是懵然无知!1956年,在26岁的马丁·路德·金第一次领导黑人市民,抵制蒙哥马利市公共汽车公司的种族隔离制度时,他就举起了"非暴力抵抗"的旗帜。他号召久被歧视的黑人群众说:"我们要抵抗,因为自由从来不靠恩赐获得。有权有势的欺压者从不会自动把自由奉献给受压者。……权利和机会,必须通过一些人的牺牲和受难才能得到。"但是,"仇恨产生仇恨,暴力产生暴力……我们要用爱的力量,去对付恨的势力。我们的目标,绝不是击败或羞辱白人,正相反,我们要赢得他们的友谊和理解。"
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “restrictive relative clauses.” To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about the relative pronouns and relative adverbs. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar, such as the “preposition+ relative pronouns which and whom” and cases where we can omit the relative pronouns. This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises. 1. Guide students to review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses.2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning restrictive relative clauses flexibly.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses.本节语法思考:定语从句在复合句中的作用是什么? 关系词有哪些?定语从句在复合句中的作用相当于形容词,它在句中作定语修饰名词或代词。他们在先行词和定语从句之间起到联系作用,同时在意义上代表先行词并在定语从句中担任一个成分。被定语从句所修饰的词称先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
The theme of the reading and thinking is about “Understanding how a problem was solved”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking is about international co-work to protect the Mount Tai, in which the students from seven countries came up with many solutions even create the Mount Tai App. This section aims at showing how to solve a difficult and even tough problem about protecting the cultural heritage by the international co-work. So in this section, cultivating students’ international awareness is very clear and important. Concretely, with the economic development, how to balance the protection of cultural relics and social development is a big challenge for human. In the 1950s, the Egyptian government wanted to build the Aswan Dam across the Nile to control floods, produce electricity and water farms. But the proposal led to protests because it would destroy a lot of cultural relics. The Egyptian had no choice but ask the UN for help. Therefore, a international cooperation about how to protect the cultural relics began, which involved the time length about 20 years and a large amount of fund. Then, the problems was solved. 1. Read quickly to get the main idea and the structure of the article; read careful to get detailed information.2. Learn to use the reading strategy---making a timeline3. Learn how to solve a tough problem by asking for help and cooperation4. Have the international awareness and understand the great strength of international cooperation.1. Read quickly to get the main idea and the structure of the article; read careful to get detailed information.2. Learn to use the reading strategy---making a timeline.3. Learn how to solve a tough problem by asking for help and cooperation.
The activity topic of this section is "report an ongoing event", and the structure is the passive voice of present continuous tense. Rare wild animals are suffering from large-scale poaching, and species are on the brink of danger. Rescue operations are underway. "Being" and "suffering" are the meanings of the present progressive passive voice.The usage of present progressive passive voice is of great importance in writing a good discourse and appreciating some difficult language items, so it is vital to master it and use it flexibly in a context.1. Motivate Ss to deepen the understanding of the usage of present progressive passive voice in a fixed context.2. Enable Ss to master the usage of present progressive passive voice and use it flexibly in a context.3. Lead Ss to construct sentences or appreciate sentences used master it and use it flexibly in a context.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the usage of present progressive passive voice in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper usage of present progressive passive voice.Look at the picture and tell me what are workers doing? What is the house being done?
1. 标题首先根据海报的特点、格式写明标题。海报中往往把内容作为大标题。例如: Save the earth, Save the birds。2. 正文部分不同的海报其正文部分的侧重点不同。对于介绍性的海报, 首先要引出话题, 其次列出原因, 最后是总结。对于宣传类的海报, 要写明具体内容, 如: 活动内容, 地点以及参加活动的注意事项, 主持或举办单位等。1. 图片: 要选择引人注目的图片, 与主题要相关, 色彩明亮。话题句式 1. It is a treasure of our country. 它是我国的国宝。2. Believe it or not, at present only several thousand pandas exist in the world. 信不信由你, 目前世界上仅现存几千只熊猫。 3.It’s because of human activities that tigers are endangered. 正是因为人类的活动, 老虎处于濒危的状态。4. Many wild animals are in danger of dying out. 很多野生动物面临着灭绝的危险。 5. The government has taken effective measures to protect them. 政府已采取有效的措施来保护它们。6. People should raise the awareness of the protection of wild animals. 人们应该提高保护野生动物的意识。 7. It’s amazing that there are merely less than 1, 000 finless porpoises living in China. 非常令人吃惊, 目前中国仅有不足1 000只江豚。
This unit is about the Internet, which has a great influence to our humans and our lives. During the Listening & Speaking & Talking and Reading and Thinking section, the influence in examples has been shown. Thus, use the Present Perfect Tense is appropriate. However, in order to show the justice or weaken the doer of the behavior/action, it’s better to use the Present Perfect Passive Voice than the Present Perfect Tense. Besides, having learned to use the Present Perfect Passive Voice, students can beautify their language in their writing. 1. Learn the structure of the Present Perfect Passive Voice and its functions. 2. Learn to change the sentences with the Present Perfect Passive Voice into the sentences with the Present Perfect Passive Voice. 3. Learn to write sentences with the Present Perfect Passive Voice flexibly according to the context. 1. Learn the structure of the Present Perfect Passive Voice and its functions. 2. Learn to change the sentences with the Present Perfect Passive Voice into the sentences with the Present Perfect Passive Voice. 3. Learn to write sentences with the Present Perfect Passive Voice flexibly according to the context. Step 1 Observe the following sentences, then change the sentences into passive voice.He has been selected to take part in the sports meeting.(肯定句)他已被挑选出来参加运动会。The ink has not been removed from his overcoat.(否定句)墨迹还没有从他外套上去掉。
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “ask about online habits”. Many middle school students have been surfing the Internet for many years, but what they do with the Internet and how much time they spend every day may not be very clear to themselves, nor to other students. This section allows students to investigate their peers' Internet use, which is conducive to their mutual understanding and understanding of the Internet. It can also help them reflect on their own online behavior, learn from other people's good online habits, and get rid of their bad online behavior.The listening text of this section is an investigation interview. The investigators interview specific groups with the same questions to obtain information, so as to understand their views, practices or attitudes on this issue. There are two specific questions: “how much time do you spend online every day? What do you usually do online?”. The answers of the three respondents provide rich and different information, and achieve the purpose of the investigators. The oral discourse structure of survey interviews generally includes greeting and explaining the purpose of the interview, presenting the interview questions and the respondents' answers. Listening and Talking introduces the theme of “choosing the right application ". Listening text is a conversation between Laura and Xiao Bo. In this part of listening, “oink”; “piggy bank” may cause the students' hearing comprehension limitation. Oink refers to sound word and pig's sound. So, add some oink to my piggy bank is often used to describe "making a little money".1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of listening for definitions.2. Cultivate students' ability to define words and understand an investigation interview.