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人教版高中政治必修1消费及其类型说课稿
（三）课堂小结接着进行课堂小结，先让学生自主总结，教师结合学生的总结，补充完善总结本节课的知识。并进行感情升华。这样设计课堂小结，是为了让学生学会自主总结知识，加深印象，教师总结帮助学生理清本课知识结构，并起到升华本节课的感情基调，落实教学目标。（四）课堂练习我将设计两道题让同学们做，巩固课堂知识。本课题板书设计我主要采用大纲的形式展现，让学生一目了然，便于识记和理解主干知识。五、教学预测最后我对本节课教学的效果进行预测：在这个教学过程中我都是从学生生活中感知的现象入手，设计情境，预设学生的分析，学生的体验，学生的感知，教师的点拨等。设计问题，学生自主合作探究，完成教学！通过这样的学习我想一定会收到较好的教学效果，当然，在实际的教学中，肯定也会出现一些意想不到的情况，我还会根据教学过程中的动态变化，及时地调整和修改预设内容。
人教版高中政治必修2共创幸福生活说课稿
环节三 案例分析 突破难点我将用多媒体展示两组反映中学生参与民主管理的一些作法的图片，和教材26-27页的三个镜头，然后请同学们根据图片和材料探究以下问题： 1. 联系自身实际谈谈这些做法对我们有何启示？ 2．实行农村村民自治和城市居民自治有什么意义呢？ 3. 我们在实际生活中应怎么做？这样，通过图片和材料的展示，点明了公民参与民主管理的意义，以此来诱发学生已有的真切体验，感受其境，增强学生共创想和文明社区的积极性和情感。同时，我们也希望学生在学习本课的知识后，又能做到学以致用，把所学的知识真正用到社区管理中，为所在社区管理提合理建议，从而真正实现了知识从生活中来，又回到生活中去的理念。环节四课堂小结 课后延伸将用多媒体展示本节课的知识框架，并注重引导学生将今天所学新知识与前面知识联系起来，帮助学生从宏观上把握各知识点之间的关系，有利于学生理解记忆，以此来帮助教师在第一时间掌握学生学习信息的反馈，同时培养学生归纳分析能力、概括能力。
人教版高中政治必修2管理与服务说课稿
环节四 课堂小结 巩固知识本节课我采用线索性的板书，整个知识结构一目了然，为了充分发挥学生在课堂的主体地位，我将课堂小结交由学生完成，请学生根据课堂学习的内容，结合我的板书设计来进行小结，以此来帮助教师在第一时间掌握学生学习信息的反馈，同时培养学生归纳分析能力、概括能力。环节五 情景回归，情感升华我的实习指导老师告诉过我们，政治这一门学科要从生活中来到生活去，所以在课堂的最后布置了课外探究题,以此培养学生对理论的实际运用能力，同时检验他们对知识的真正掌握情况，以此达到情感的升华，本节课，我根据建构主义理论，强调学生是学习的中心，学生是知识意义的主动建构者，是信息加工的主体，要强调学生在课堂中的参与性、以及探究性，不仅让他们懂得知识，更让他们相信知识，并且将知识融入到实践当中去，最终达到知、情、意、行的统一。
人教版高中政治必修2守望公共家园说课稿
环节四 课堂小结 巩固知识本节课我采用线索性的板书，整个知识结构一目了然，为了充分发挥学生在课堂的主体地位，我将课堂小结交由学生完成，请学生根据课堂学习的内容，结合我的板书设计来进行小结，以此来帮助教师在第一时间掌握学生学习信息的反馈，同时培养学生归纳分析能力、概括能力。环节五 情景回归，情感升华我的实习指导老师告诉过我们，政治这一门学科要从生活中来到生活去，所以在课堂的最后让学生考察自己所在社区存在的问题，然后制定监督方案，以此培养学生对理论的实际运用能力，同时检验他们对知识的真正掌握情况，以此达到情感的升华，本节课，我根据建构主义理论，强调学生是学习的中心，学生是知识意义的主动建构者，是信息加工的主体，要强调学生在课堂中的参与性、以及探究性，不仅让他们懂得知识，更让他们相信知识，并且将知识融入到实践当中去，最终达到知、情、意、行的统一。
人教版高中政治必修4意识的本质说课稿
师：分析得非常到位。大家来看看薛宝钗是怎么说的？薛宝钗的评论：“不像吟月了，月字底下放一个‘色’字倒还使得，你看句句倒是月色。这也罢了，原来诗从胡说来，再迟几天就好了。”生：（读第三首诗）“精华欲掩料应难，影自娟娟魄自寒。一片砧敲千里白，半轮鸡唱五更残。绿蓑江上秋闻笛，红袖楼头夜倚栏。博得嫦娥应借问，缘何不使永团圆！”这首诗语言很朴实，但意境很深远。我虽然读过《红楼梦》这本书，也看过电视剧，但我阅历太浅，说不出诗中所包含的深刻内涵。师：贾宝玉的评论：“这首不但好，而且新巧有意趣，可知俗语说的‘天下无难事，只怕有心人。2．意识的形式是主观的意识是人脑对客观存在的反映，意识是不是仅仅是人脑对客观存在原原本本的反映呢？“龙、凤”是中华民族的象征，是炎黄子孙的两大主要图腾，但地球上从来就没有出现过“龙、凤”，那么“龙、凤”的观念又是从何而来的呢？原来，“龙、凤”的观念最早产生于原始社会的图腾崇拜。、
人教版新课标高中物理必修1用牛顿运动定律解决问题（二）说课稿2篇
教师活动：（1）组织学生回答相关结论，小组之间互相补充评价完善。教师进一步概括总结。（2）对学生的结论予以肯定并表扬优秀的小组，对不理想的小组予以鼓励。（3）多媒体投放板书二：超重现象：物体对支持物的压力(或对悬挂物的拉力)大于物体所受到的重力的情况称为超重现象。实质：加速度方向向上。失重现象：物体对支持物的压力(或对悬挂物的拉力)小于物体所受到的重力的情况称为失重现象。实质：加速度方向向下。（4）运用多媒体展示电梯中的现象，引导学生在感性认识的基础上进一步领会基本概念。4．实例应用，结论拓展：教师活动：展示太空舱中宇航员的真实生活，引导学生应用本节所学知识予以解答。学生活动：小组讨论后形成共识。教师活动：（1）引导学生分小组回答相关问题，小组间互相完善补充，教师加以规范。（2）指定学生完成导学案中“思考与讨论二”的两个问题。
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
This theme of the part is “ Describe people or things in greater detail”. Students have learned the grammar(restrictive relative clauses) in Book 1, and further review and consolidate its structure “prep+relative pronouns(which/whom)” and the relative adverbs(when, where and why), besides students should understand its form, meaning and functions. In this section, students should be able to express the grammar correctly in daily communication and in the writing. 1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses . 2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn to write sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses .2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn tow rite sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.Step 1. Observe the following sentences, and mark the relative pronouns and the adverbs. 1. After listening to the scientists who had studied the problems, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help.2. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Step 2 PracticePlease complete these sentences with relative pronouns and relative adverbs and answer the following questions.Questions: 1. What is the head noun ?2. What relative words should be used ?3. What elements do they act in these sentences ?
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 2 Wildlife Protection-Reading for Writing教案二
This lesson aims at making a poster about protecting wildlife after reading some posters. During reading students are guided to understand the content and try to summarize the posters with one sentence. Then students are guided to try to make a poster about protecting wildlife.1. Read the two posters and try to understand the summary sentences.2. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.3. Try to summarize the features of posters4. Try to make a poster about wildlife.1. Look at the two posters and try to understand what emotions they express.2. Try to summarize the features of posters3. Try to make a poster about wildlife.Step 1 Lead inLook at the the posters on the textbook and ask:Which emotions do the posters communicate ?Step 2 Read the poster and answer the questions.1. What do you think of the animals in the poster on the left ?I think it is frightening and ugly.2. Why do we should protect the ugly animals ?All species--the good, the bad, and the ugly-- should be treated equally.The world needs all kinds--without variety, our planet cannot survive.3. Why are billions of trees being cut down every year ?To make paper for humans.4. What result will be lead to after the trees are cut down ?A lost of animal homes are being destroyed./The habitat of wildlife is being destroyed.Step 3 Find the feature of posters1. What does each poster use to stir up emotions ?On the left, it makes us a little frightened and it looks a little ugly, but it can activate our curiosity--What is it? And What is wrong with it?On the right, it makes us feel a little sad and want to protect them.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading and Thinking教案二
1. This section focuses on "Understanding how a problem was solved”, which is aimed to guide students to analyze and discuss the challenges and problems faced by cultural heritage protection during the construction of Aswan Dam, as well as the solutions. On the basis of understanding, students should pay attention to the key role of international cooperation in solving problems, and attach importance to the balance and coordination between cultural heritage protection and social and economic development. Students are encouraged to face challenges actively, be good at cooperation, and make continuous efforts to find reasonable ways and means to solve problems.2. Enable students to understand the main information and text structure of the reading text;3. Motivate students to use the reading strategy "make a timeline" according to the appropriate text genre;4. Enable students to understand how a problem was solved;5. Enable students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;1. Guide students to pay attention to reading strategies, such as prediction, self-questioning and scanning.2. Help students sort out the topic language about protecting cultural relics and understand the narrative characteristics of "time-event" in illustrative style3. Lead students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 2 Wildlife Protection-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
2．表示现阶段正在进行的被动动作(该动作在说话的瞬间未必正在进行)。Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days.(说话时，并不一定正在进行)3．表示一种经常性的被动行为，常和always，constantly 等表示频度的副词连用，这种用法常常带有赞扬或厌恶的感情色彩。He is always being praised by the leader.4．表示按计划或安排主语将要承受谓语动词所表示的动作(仅限于少数及物动词)。A party is being held tonight.Step 4 Special cases1.像take care of, look after, talk about, think of等动词与介词构成的短语用于现在进行时的被动语态时, 其中的介词不可省略。The ways to stop illegally hunting are being talked about. 2．可与部分情态动词连用，表示对正在发生的事情的推测。She may be being punished by her mother.3．有时可表示按计划或安排将要进行的一个被动动作。A celebration is being held this weekend for his success.4．某些表示“状态、心理活动、存在”等的动词，如have，want，need，love，一般不用现在进行时的被动语态，而常用一般现在时的被动语态。With the population increasing，more land is needed.5．“be＋under/in＋n.”可表示现在进行时的被动意义。My computer is under repair.＝My computer is being repaired.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 2 Wildlife Protection-Reading and Thinking教案二
The theme of this unit is human and nature, focusing on the theme of wildlife protection. Nature is a complex ecosystem, in which there are delicate balance between animals and plants. Because of the role of the food chain, the extinction of one species will produce influence, causing a series of chain reaction. Large scale extinction of species will have a serious and even irreversible impact on the ecosystem, resulting in immeasurable losses. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect wild species. To protect wild species is to protect human beings themselves. The motto of this unit is "when the buying stops, the killing can too,” which is a public service advertising slogan to protect wildlife. It tells people that every rhinoceros horn, every fur, every bowl of shark fin soup, every Ivory product, and every tiger bone product, etc. consumed by human beings, are innocent wild animals slaughtered behind them. The mission of wild aid is to ban illegal trade in endangered wildlife and mitigate climate change. It aims to educate the public to reduce the consumption demand for endangered wildlife products through public publicity and improve the awareness of environmental protection.1. Improve the awareness of wildlife protection by acquiring the knowledge of wildlife protection.2. Focus on environmental protection and protection of all lives.3. Analysis of the living environment of wild animals with appropriate thinking mode.4. Skillfully use the vocabulary and grammar knowledge of this unit to cultivate self-study ability according to the unit content5. Develop cooperative learning ability through discussion and other ways1. Enable the Ss to talk about the current situation of wild animals.2. Guide the Ss to summarize the main idea of each paragraph as well as the main idea of the text.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 3 The Internet-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “The Present Perfect Passive Voice.” To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about the Present Perfect Passive Voice. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar。This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises. 1. Guide students to review the basic usages of the Present Perfect Passive Voice2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning the Present Perfect Passive Voice flexibly.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the Present Perfect Passive Voice in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper the Present Perfect Passive Voice.观察下列句子特点，总结共同点。1．(教材P28)Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web．2．(教材P28)But the Internet has done much more for people than simply make life more convenient．3．(教材P28)Many people have been helped by the club．4．(教材P28)She no longer feels lonely, and her company has become quite successful．5．(教材P32)Today I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times—how do you stay safe online and avoid bad experiences on the Internet?
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 3 The Internet-Listening &Speaking＆Talking教案二
From the pictures in the text and the title--- choose the best app, we can know that this part is about how to save money by using apps.Step 2 While-listening1. Laura and Xiao Bo are talking about apps. Listen to their conversation and find out what apps they want.Xiao Bo is looking for a(n) exercise app to help him get in shape.Laura would like an app for getting rich and another that will make her grades better.2. Listen again. Are the sentences true T or false F?1). Both of Xiao Bo's apps keep track of the steps he takes._____2). Xiao Bo's second app can help him make a fitness plan._____3). Laura needs an app that will help her get discounts.______4). Laura needs an app that will add money to her bank account._______F T F T3. Listen once more and tick the sentence you hear. Underline the words used to express predictions, guesses, and beliefs.Predictions, Guesses, and Beliefs________It might help me walk more.________My guess is that it wouldn't work.________I imagine this app would help me get fit faster________I suppose that would be good.________I guess you could save a little with this app.________I suppose there would be some problems, too.________I believe this app could help me get thinner.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 3 The Internet-Reading and Thinking教案二
Q5：What's Jan's next goal?Her next goal is to start a charity website to raise money for children in poor countries.Q6：What can we learn from her experiences?We learn that when we go through tough times, we can find help and support from other people online. We learn that we can feel less lonelyStep 5: While reading---rethinkingQ1: What is Jan’s attitude to the Internet ?Thankful/Grateful, because it has changed her and her life.Q2: What writing skills is used in the article ?Examples(Jan’s example, the 59-year-old man’s and the 61-year-old woman’s example)Q3: Can you get the main idea of the article ?The Internet has changed Jan’s life/Jan’s life has been changed by the Internet.Step 6 Post reading---Retell the storyMuch has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web. There are countless articles (1)telling(tell) us how the Internet has made our lives more convenient. But the Internet has done a lot (2)more(much) for people than simply make life more convenient. People’s lives (3) have been changed(change) by online communities and social networks so far. Take Jan for example, who developed a serious illness that made her (4)stuck(stick) at home with only her computer to keep (5)her(she) company. She joined an online group (6)where she could share problems, support and advice with others. She considered the ability to remove the distance between people as one of the greatest (7)benefits(benefit). She was so inspired (8)that she started an IT club in which many people have been helped. She has started to learn more about how to use the Internet to make society better. Her next goal is to start a charity website to raise money (9)for children in poor countries. Jan’s life has been (10)greatly(great) improved by the Internet.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 3 The Internet-Reading for Writing教案二
8. However, the more polite you are, the less likely it is you will be attacked. 然而, 你越有礼貌, 你被攻击的可能性就越小。 Step 8 Writing---the articleHow to stay safe in the online chat roomToday I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times--- how do you stay safe online and avoid bad experiences in the online chat room ? I’m not an expert, but many years as a blogger have taught me a thing or two.First of all, there’s the golden rule of the Internet: keep out of what makes you uneasy. Don’t post comments or click on anything. Second, protect your privacy. Don’t give out too much private information like your address, phone numbers, the ID numbers, etc. Third, be polite. If you are polite to others on the Internet, you won’t be attacked in normal situation. Finally, don’t believe in others easily and never meet someone you met online alone. It is very dangerous.Have you had any bad experiences online, or do you have some good advice for staying safe? Post your comments below!Step 9 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Does the writer tell the reader what he/she know about the topic ?2. Are the tips and suggestions well organised ?3. Has the writer defined the new words ?4. Does the author include examples, comparison, or explanations ?5. Does the writer end by asking readers to leave comments and/or suggestions ?6. Can you find any grammar or spelling mistakes.Step 6 HomeworkPut up your revised draft in the classroom or read it to your class.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 4 History and Traditions-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar: The past participle is used as attributive and objective complement.1. Guide students to review the basic usages of the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning the past participle used as attributive and objective complement flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.2. Instruct students to write essays using the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.Step1:温故而知新。Analyze the underlined phrases and then sum up the common usages of the past participles.1．(教材P41)They had castles built(build) all around England, and made changes to the legal system．2．(教材P42)They use the same flag, known(know) as the Union Jack，．．．3．(教材P42)Judy and I had our car parked(park) in an underground car park near Trafalgar Square, where we could get our car battery charged(charge)．Common points: f the past participle used as attributive and objective complement.Step 2:过去分词作定语时的意义1．及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。Our teacher watched us doing the experiment and gave us a satisfied smile at last．我们的老师看着我们做实验，最后给了我们一个满意的微笑。The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon．会上提出的计划将很快被执行。2．不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。Many little kids like gathering fallen leaves in the yard．
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 4 History and Traditions-Reading and Thinking教案二
Step 5 While reading---Task 3Read the text again and answer the following questions.Q1: How many countries does the UK consist of ?4 Q2: What are the four countries of the United Kingdom?England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland Q3: Which two were the first to be joined together ?England and WalesQ4: What are the two chief advantages of studying the history of a country ?The first one is to help you understand more about the country and its traditions.The second one is to make visiting it more enjoyable.Q5: What’s the author’s attitude towards studying the history ?Supportive/positiveStep 6 Post reading---Retell the textThe United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England—many people are confused by (1)_____ these different names mean. In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales (2) __________(join) to the Kingdom of England. In the 19 th century, the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Finally, the southern part of Ireland (3) ______ (break) away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today. However, most people just use the (4)_________(shorten) name: the UK. The four countries (5)__________ belong to the United Kingdom work together in some areas. There were four sets of invaders and the last group were the Normans. They had castles (6)_________(build) all around England and made changes (7)__________ the legal system. Studying the history of the country will make your visit much more (8)_________(enjoy). The capital city London is (9)___ ancient port city that has a history (10)______(date) back to Roman times. 1. what 2.was joined 3.broke 4.shortened 5.that 6. built 7.to 8.enjoyable 9.an 10.dating Step 6 Homework
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 4 History and Traditions-Listening＆Speaking＆Talking教案二
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “Take part in a youth project”. The listening text is an interview about "sharing views on historical sites". Through listening to a dialogue between Chinese and foreign students on the way to the Confucius Temple, students can understand their views on the Confucius Temple, Confucius, Confucius' descendants and Confucius' educational thoughts, so as to realize and think about the profound influence of Confucius and his thoughts on Chinese historical tradition. At the same time, the dialogue naturally integrates English idioms and mentions Shakespeare, the British playwright, so as to provide language materials and context for students to understand English idioms and related cultural allusions, as well as to compare Chinese and foreign cultures, which is helpful for students to understand and express the language such as history, tradition, culture and custom significant impact.Text analysis: listening text is a dialogue between a British student and a Chinese student when he goes to the Confucius Temple. When William, a British student, visited the Confucius Temple, he asked Xiao Kong, a Chinese student, for directions. Xiao Kong was just going to the Confucius Temple to meet with the members of the research group, so they went together and exchanged their views on the Confucius Temple, Confucius, Confucius' descendants and Confucius' educational thoughts. From the perspective of foreign tourists, this paper describes their thoughts on Confucius, the great son of Confucius, who had a profound impact on Chinese history and cultural tradition, and his education.Listening and Talking introduces a visit to a historic tourist destination. Tourism is a common way to understand a country's history, culture, and customs and so on. Students listen to the dialogue between Xiao Yan, a youth hostel Usher, and Paul, a backpacker, to learn about Pingyao's famous historical and cultural attractions and Paul's travel experience and experience as a foreign tourist.
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Discovering Useful Structures教案二
4. When he got absorbed in his world of music, he felt as if he could “see” the beauty of the world around him, like he had in his previous life.P·P as adverbial: _________________________________________________________________.Function: _______________________________________________________________________.Step 5 Solid Complete the passage with the words in brackets in their correct forms.Well known as a successful band, the Impact members show quite a few striking qualities. They never ever give up. When _____________(question) by the media, they are not _____________(discourage) and practise even harder. They are improving themselves by attending several master training class. They are united. _____________(fill with) team spirit, they act as a whole, always aiming for glory. Step 6 Difference and similarity from -ingObserve the following examples.1. He went out, shutting the door behind him.=He went out, ________________________________________________________.2. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.=__________________________________________, he went to his parents for help.Similarity: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Difference : _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Step Practice1. ________ in a hurry, this article was not so good. 因为写得匆忙, 这篇文章不是很好。2. ________ carefully, he found something he hadn’t known before. 他仔细读书时, 发现了一些从前不知道的东西。3. ________ why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 当被问及他为什么要这么做时, 班长说这是他的职责
新人教版高中英语必修2Unit 5 Music-Reading and Thinking教案二
1. Get basic information about Eric; read deeply to understand the history and development of the virtual choir.2. Understand what the function of the virtual choir is and how to make a virtual choir.3. Understand the meaning of some languages in the context of the text through question guidance, such as “Many people do not have close friends or contacts who have the same interest in music.” and so on.Step 1 Leading-in1. Answer the following questions.Q1：Do you know the Apps like Tik Tok and Quick Hand?Q2: Do you want to make a Tik Tok video or a Quick Hand video?2. Play a Tik Tok video Step 2: Understanding the title Q1：What does the title mean ?Q2: Is the article a narration or exposition? Why? Q3: Can you change the title ? If you can, what is the title?Step 3: Scanning the whole text and getting the basic information1. Answer the following questions.Q1：Who came up with the idea for a virtual choir?Q2: Where did Eric studied the musical composition?Q3: What is his song?2. Find the main idea of each paragraph3. Deal with some new words.Step 4: Reading carefully to get detailed informationPara 1 How to make a virtual choir1. PreparationA. tools: a virtual camera; an Internet connectionB. hero/heroin: friends or some individuals who have the same interests2. Process