3.适用条件(1)万有引力定律只适用于质点间引力大小的计算。当两物体间的距离远远大于每个物体的尺寸时,物体可以看成质点,直接使用万有引力定律计算。(模型)研究相互接触的两个人之间的万有引力时,不能把他们看作质点。(2)当两物体是质量均匀分布的球体时,它们间的引力也可直接用公式计算,但式中的r是指两球心间距离。研究太阳和地球之间的万有引力,可以把它们看作质量均匀的球体。当研究物体不能看成质点时,可以把物体假想分割成无数个质点,求出两个物体上每个质点与另一物体上所有质点的万有引力,然后求合力,这是微积分的思想。万有引力定律产生于对太阳系行星运动的研究,但它对物质运动的适用性却要广泛得多。可以这样说,宇宙中凡有引力参与的一切复杂的现象,无不要归结到这样一条十分简洁的定律之中,这不能不使人惊叹宇宙万物超乎寻常的和谐及人类理性思考所具有的统摄力。
1、教师先演示投影:把小钢珠放在黑墨水瓶盖里转一下(内有一点点墨水),再放在半圆形有机玻璃轨道上运动并飞出,让钢珠在白纸上留下痕迹,同样在3/5半圆周,4/5半圆周上运动飞出,让学生猜测飞出方向由什么特点?(有机玻璃板说明:厚约5毫米,略小于小钢珠直径,圆弧半径15厘米,MN边稍长些,以便过MN做直线,根据半径大小确定圆心O位置。)学生猜想:切线方向师:已知圆弧半径为15厘米。如何验证?请用几何方法作图验证。生:标出飞出点和圆心,做圆心和飞出点的连线,用量角尺量出该连线和飞出轨迹直线的夹角,是否90度。2、再分组实验,提醒同桌配合,小心钢珠滚跑。实验完毕,要求作图验证,并互相讨论交流。3、交流和结论:师:要引导学生得出正确的科学结论:“圆周运动的物体的速度方向为该点的切线方向”,而不能直接得出“曲线运动的的物体速度方向为该点的切线方向”。
1.教材在学生的原有加速度概念的基础上来讨论“匀速圆周运动速度变化快慢”的问题,让学生知道向心加速度能够表示匀速圆周运动物体速度变化的快慢究竟是怎么一回事。2.教材把向心加速度安排在线速度和角速度知识之后,使学生对描述匀速圆周运动的几个物理量有一个大致的了解。3.教材从了解运动的规律过渡到了解力跟运动关系的规律;把向心加速度放在向心力之前,从运动学的角度来学习向心加速度。4.教材为了培养学生“用事实说话”的“态度”,让一切论述都合乎逻辑,改变了过去从向心力推导向心加速度的教学方式。1.采用理论、实验、体验相结合的教学安排。2.教师启发引导,学生自主阅读、思考,讨论、交流。知识与技能1.会作矢量图表示速度的变化量与速度之间的关系。2.加深理解加速度与速度、速度变化量的区别。3.体会匀速圆周运动向心加速度方向的分析方法。4.知道向心加速度的公式也适用于变速圆周运动;知道变速圆周运动的向心加速度的方向。
(给出仪器后先让学生思考如何设计实验、安装仪器、设计实验步骤,而后教师总结)实验步骤如下:①安装调整斜槽 :用图钉把白纸钉在竖直板上,在木板的左上角固定斜槽。②调整木板 :用悬挂在槽口的重锤线把木板调整到竖直方向,并使木板平面与小球下落的竖直面平行,然后把重锤线方向记录到钉在木板上的白纸上,固定木板,使在重复实验的过程中,木板与斜槽的相对位置保持不变。③确定坐标原点:把小球放在槽口处,用铅笔记下小球在槽口时球心在木板上的水平投影点O,O即为坐标原点。④描绘运动轨迹 :用铅笔的笔尖轻轻地靠在木板的平面上,不断调整笔尖的位置,使从斜槽上滚下的小球正好碰到笔尖,然后就用铅笔在该处白纸上点上一个黑点,这就记下了小球球心所对应的位置。保证小球每次从槽上开始滚下的位置都相同,用同样的方法可找出小球平抛轨迹上的一系列位置。取下白纸,描绘小球做平抛运动的轨迹。
动画展示三个宇宙速度(四) 让学生具有振兴中华的使命感与责任感本节课的最后,播放了一段美国登月的视频,让学生发现一些奇妙的物理现象,引导学生发现月球的背景是什么颜色,宇航员行走的模样等等,预计不久的将来,哪个国家也将登上月球,同学们高呼“中国”,那么我们现在能做些什么呢,让同学感想到:我们是祖国的未来的希望,现在需要努力学习科学文化知识,将来为祖国的航天事业做贡献。要培养学生坚韧不拨、勇于探索、协力合作的科学精神以及严谨求实、谦虚谨慎、勇于质疑科学态度;也要培养学习者热爱科学、热爱祖国的情感;努力学习、振兴中华的责任感。这些策略在本案例中得到了体现。(五)练习反馈,拓展延伸:[例题1]“2003年10月15日9时,我国神舟五号宇宙飞船在酒泉卫星发射中心成功发射,把我国第一位航天员杨利伟送入太空。飞船绕地球飞行14圈后,于10月16日6时23分安全降落在内蒙古主着陆场。”
《匀速圆周运动》为高中物理必修2第五章第4节.它是学生在充分掌握了曲线运动的规律和曲线运动问题的处理方法后,接触到的又一个美丽的曲线运动,本节内容作为该章节的重要部分,主要要向学生介绍描述圆周运动的几个基本概念,为后继的学习打下一个良好的基础。人教版教材有一个的特点就是以实验事实为基础,让学生得出感性认识,再通过理论分析总结出规律,从而形成理性认识。教科书在列举了生活中了一些圆周运动情景后,通过观察自行车大齿轮、小齿轮、后轮的关联转动,提出了描述圆周运动的物体运动快慢的问题。二、教学目标1.知识与技能①知道什么是圆周运动、什么是匀速圆周运动。理解线速度的概念;理解角速度和周期的概念,会用它们的公式进行计算。②理解线速度、角速度、周期之间的关系:v=rω=2πr/T。③理解匀速圆周运动是变速运动。④能够用匀速圆周运动的有关公式分析和解决具体情景中的问题。
4.That was an experience that frightened everyone. →That was _____________________. 答案:1. taking 2. being discussed 3. in the reading room 4. a frightening experienceStep 6 The meaning and function of V-ing as the predicative动词-ing形式作表语,它通常位于系动词后面,用以说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”一种表示主语的特质、特征和状态, 其作用相当于形容词; 另一种具体说明主语的内容, 即主语等同于表语, 两者可互换。The music they are playing sounds so exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Step 7 Practice1. It is ________(amaze) that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.2. Buying a car is simply _______(waste) money. 3. Please stop making the noise—it’s getting ________(annoy). 4. complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form.La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August. I think many food festivals are __________ because people are just eating. however, this festival is _________ because people don't actually eat the tomatoes. Instead, they throw them at each other! the number of people ________ part in this tomato fight, can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very __________ fight that lasts for a whole hour. The _______ thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight. this is because the juice form tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!答案:1. amazing 2. wasting 3. annoying4. boring interesting taking exciting amazing
The topic of this part is “Discover the reasons for festivals and celebrations.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at talking about the experiences and feelings or emotions about the festivals and celebrations. This section aims at detecting the reason why the people celebrate the festivals, the time, the places, the types and the way of celebrations. It also explains why some traditions in the old celebrations are disappearing, like the firecrackers in the big cities and some new things are appearing like the prosperity of business or commerce. 1. Students can talk about what festivals they know and the reasons and the way of celebrating them.2. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.3. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them. 4. Students can have the international awareness about the festivals.1. Students should learn the reading skills such as the headline and get the topic sentences, the structures of articles.2. Students can understand the past, the present situation of some festival around the world and why there are some changes about them.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat festival do you like best ? Why ?I like the Spring Festivals because I can set off the fireworks, receive the lucky money and enjoy the Gala with my families.Step 2 Before reading---Pair workWhy do people celebrate different festivals ?The Spring Festivals is to celebrate the end of winter and the coming of spring and new life.The Mid-autumn Day is to celebrate the harvest and admire the moon.
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
Step 3 Analyzing article structureActivity 31. Teachers raise questions to guide students to analyze the chapter structure of this diary and think about how to describe the festival experience. (1)What should be included in the opening/body/closing paragraph(s)?(2)How did the writer arrange his/her ideas?(3)What kind of interesting details did the writer describe?(4)How did the writer describe his/her feelings/emotions during the event?2. Students read and compare the three sentence patterns in activity 2. Try to rewrite the first paragraph of the diary with these three sentence patterns. After that, students exchange corrections with their partners. Such as:●This was my first time spending three days experiencing the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and it was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ●I'll never forget my experience at the Naadam Festival because it was my first time to watch the exciting Mongolian games of horse racing, wrestling, and archery so closely. ●I'll always remember my first experience at the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because it was so amazing to spend three days witnessing a grand Mongolian ceremony. Step 4 Accumulation of statementsActivity 41. Ask the students to read the diary again. Look for sentences that express feelings and emotions, especially those with the -ing form and the past participle. Such as:● …horse racing, wrestling, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch. ● some amazing performances● I was surprised to see…● I was a little worried about. . . ● feeling really tiredOther emotional statements:●I absolutely enjoyed the archery, too, but the horse races were my favourite part. ●I'm finally back home now, feeling really tired, but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it. ●He invited me back for the winter to stay in a traditional Mongolian tent and cat hot pot. I can’t wait!2. In addition to the use of the -ing form and the past participle, the teacher should guide the students in the appreciation of these statements, ask them to memorize them, and encourage them to use them reasonably in writing practice.
The topic of this part is “Write about your festival experience”.During the Listening and Speaking and Talking, students are just asked to say out their festival experiences such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Day, but this part students will be asked to write down their own festival experiences. During the reading part, it introduces the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which can give students a good example to imitate. Students not only learn the festival, but touch and feel the Inner Mongolian’s character, the spirit and cultural atmosphere, which can help students form the cultural awareness and learn to enjoy and value the diversity of Chinese culture.Concretely, the dairy tells the experience that the author spent the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with his/her friend. The structure is clear. In the opening paragraph, it introduces the topic of the Naadam Festival and the whole feeling. Then it introduces the items of the festival like the ceremony, wrestling and horse racing. Finally, it summarizes this experience. Because this part is a travel journal, we must guide students pay more attention to these details: 1. use the first person. 2. use the past tense to tell the past thing and use the present or future tense to describe the scenery. 3. use the timeline to tell the development. 4. be careful for the author’s psychology, emotion and feeling, etc.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information about Naadam Festival.2. Learn the structure of the reading article and language.3. Write an article about a festival experience4. Learn to use the psychology, emotions and feeling in the writing.1. Write an article about a festival experience.2. Use the structure of the reading article and language.
1.根据课程标准的要求。本单元的主题是“生活智慧与时代精神”,课程标准的要求主要是引导学生“思考日常生活富有哲理的事例,感悟哲学是世界观的学问,能够开启人的智慧”,“解释哲学的基本问题”,“分析实例,说明真正的哲学是时代精神的精华,明确马克思主义哲学在人类认识史上的重要地位”。这些问题,综合起来就是使学生明确哲学与我们生活的关系,认识学习哲学特别是马克思主义哲学对我们人生的作用。因此,探究本问题有助于学生更好地理解本单元的内容,完成本单元的教学目标。2.根据学生的实际需要。学习哲学特别是马克思主义哲学,可以帮助学生树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观,这也是学习哲学的主要目的。但在学生中还不同程度地存在着“哲学与我们的生活很远”、“哲学与我无关”、“哲学对我将来从事自然科学的研究没有什么用处”等认识,这些都影响着学生对哲学学习的态度和哲学作用的发挥。设置本探究问题,有助于帮助学生澄清这些模糊认识。
法律手段:制定和运用经济法规,包括经济立法、经济司法活动等行政手段:采取强制性的行政命令、指示、规定等运用举例:我国一些地区遭遇突如其来的“禽流感”,禽类养殖户损失惨重。国家采取了对疫区封锁,对疫区的养殖户进行经济补贴,以及国家出资统一对疫区进行消毒等措施进行防治,并规定任何人不得将家禽带出疫区,违者追究法律责任。请结合材料说明在防治“禽流感”、发展禽类养殖的过程中,我国政府分别采取了哪些措施教师分析:对疫区养殖户进行经济补贴体现经济手段;对违反规定者追究法律责任,体现法律手段;对疫区进行封锁体现行政手段。(四)反思总结,当堂检测。教师组织学生反思本节课的主要内容(参照板书),进行总结。设计意图:对本节课的内容进行小结,学生的概括过程也是检验学生对本节课理解程度的过程。再次明确学生是学习的主体,并能够发现,问题解决问题。
论证方法之引证法如何用好引证法:1.所引用的名言警句等针对性要强。每句名言都产生于特定的背景,都应用于特定的交际目的,即使谈同一个问题,也有不少名言可供选取。2.要简洁,不宜过多。议论是在发表自己的见解而不是在介绍他人的见解。引用他人的话,目的是为了让读者更加信服自己的话。3.要注意直接引用和间接引用的区别。直接引用务求文字、甚至标点均准确无误;间接引用只须述其大意,但要注意人称的转换。论证方法之喻证法喻证法是用设喻来论证论点的方法。在议论文中,设喻可以使论点更易懂、更风趣、更容易获得读者的认同。喻证法能化抽象为具体、化艰深为浅显、化枯燥为生动。论证方法之喻证法如何用好喻证法:1.以小见大,就近取譬。要精选生活中细小的、人们熟悉的事物做为设喻的喻体。2.喻体不求形似,只求神似。做为喻证的喻体与做为比喻的喻体不同。比喻的喻体是为了强调特征,描绘事物,侧重形似,以形比形;而喻证的喻体是为了阐发观点,以正视听,力求神似,以义取形。
一、活动内容分析西欧从5世纪末至9世纪历经四个世纪完成了由奴隶制度向封建制度的转变,西欧中世纪即西欧的封建社会,形成了与中国封建社会不同的特点。理解这些特点,将有助于学生理解西欧在世界上最早进入资本主义社会的原因。尽管神学世界观笼罩了西方中世纪,是黑暗的,但是应看到,自古代流传下来的政治思想传统如平等、自由、民主、法制等思想史都以不同的形式保存下来。欧洲的中世纪表面上看起来是一个阴森森的一千年(五百年到一千五百年),但实际上确实孕育了西方近代文明的重要时期。从探究活动的内容上看与第二单元的古代希腊罗马的政治制度及第三单元近代西方资本主义政治制度的确立与发展明确相关,有承上启下的作用。二、活动重点设计理解西欧封建社会的政治特点及对后世的影响;正确认识基督教文明
一、教材分析第四单元“发展社会主义市场经济”旨在培养社会主义的建设者,高中生是未来社会主义现代化建设的主力军,是将来参与市场经济活动的主要角色,承担着全面建设小康社会的重任,本课的逻辑分为两目:第一目,从“总体小康到全面小康”。这一部分的逻辑结构如下:首先讴歌我国人民的生活水平达到总体小康这一伟大成就,然后从微观和宏观两个方面介绍总体小康的成就。同时指出,我国现在达到的小康是低水平、不全面、发展不平衡的小康。第二目“经济建设的新要求”。这一目专门介绍全面建设小康社会的经济目标,也是学生要重点把握的内容。二、教学目标(一)知识目标(1)识记总体小康的建设成就在宏观和微观上的表现,全面建设小康社会的经济建设目标。(2)理解低水平、不全面、发展很不平衡的小康,以及小康社会建设进程是不平衡的发展过程。(3)运用所学知识,初步分析全面建设小康社会的意义。
一、复习回顾,温故知新1. 任意角三角函数的定义【答案】设角 它的终边与单位圆交于点 。那么(1) (2) 2.诱导公式一 ,其中, 。终边相同的角的同一三角函数值相等二、探索新知思考1:(1).终边相同的角的同一三角函数值有什么关系?【答案】相等(2).角 -α与α的终边 有何位置关系?【答案】终边关于x轴对称(3).角 与α的终边 有何位置关系?【答案】终边关于y轴对称(4).角 与α的终边 有何位置关系?【答案】终边关于原点对称思考2: 已知任意角α的终边与单位圆相交于点P(x, y),请同学们思考回答点P关于原点、x轴、y轴对称的三个点的坐标是什么?【答案】点P(x, y)关于原点对称点P1(-x, -y)点P(x, y)关于x轴对称点P2(x, -y) 点P(x, y)关于y轴对称点P3(-x, y)
本节课选自《普通高中课程标准数学教科书-必修一》(人 教A版)第五章《三角函数》,本节课是第1课时,本节主要介绍推广角的概念,引入正角、负角、零角的定义,象限角的概念以及终边相同的角的表示法。树立运动变化的观点,并由此进一步理解推广后的角的概念。教学方法可以选用讨论法,通过实际问题,如时针与分针、体操等等都能形成角的流念,给学生以直观的印象,形成正角、负角、零角的概念,明确规定角的概念,通过具体问题让学生从不同角度理解终边相同的角,从特殊到一般归纳出终边相同的角的表示方法。A.了解任意角的概念;B.掌握正角、负角、零角及象限角的定义,理解任意角的概念;C.掌握终边相同的角的表示方法;D.会判断角所在的象限。 1.数学抽象:角的概念;2.逻辑推理:象限角的表示;3.数学运算:判断角所在象限;4.直观想象:从特殊到一般的数学思想方法;
【设计思想】诗歌教学的关键是感受诗景,体味诗情,领悟诗意,在此基础上孕育理解能力、鉴赏能力和审美情感。诗景、诗情、诗意均由文字来承载,把握文字组合的张力,是读诗赏诗的抓手。杜甫的诗歌素以炼字精深、涵盖深远著称,以《登高》而言,往往淡淡一字,平平一语,便笼大千于方寸,缩古今于一瞬。故细读文本,咀嚼字句,便是赏景、悟情、会意的基本路径。其次,不朽名作的特点是寄寓深广,古今评价甚多,见仁见智,不一而足。这正是培养学生问题意识、探究意识的极好凭借。第三,诗为语言之精华,是诗人心里涌出的情感之流。诵读乃赏诗之要着,精心感悟之时,设身处地,心惟口诵,是理解诗意的关键一步。基于是,笔者作如下同课异构,殊途同归。【教学目标】1.理解本诗所绘之景、所抒之情及绘景、抒情之法。2.学会用意象叠加法、字句推敲法、诵读体验法等欣赏诗歌。3.感受杜甫心系苍生、情寄邦国、忧国忧民、兼济天下的博大情怀。
4、问题讨论(1)巴尔扎克小说在法国文学史上的地位?在法国文学史的地位:随着巴尔扎克在法国文坛上的如日中天,他渐渐地被他的时代的作家所认识。戈蒂耶第一个站出来热情地赞扬巴尔扎克的天才。此后乔治·桑、波德莱尔、福楼拜、左拉对他赞誉有加。雨果甚至在巴尔扎克的葬礼上说:“在最伟大的人物中间,巴尔扎克属于头等的一个,在最优秀的人物中间,巴尔扎克是出类拔萃的一个。他的才智是惊人的,不同凡响的成就,不是眼下说的尽的……”人道主义斗士法朗士对文体非常苛求,他深请地说:“他是他那个时代的社会的洞察入微的历史家。他比任何人都善于使我们更好地了解从旧制度想新制度的过度。”特别强调:“从塑造形象和深度来说,没有人能比得上巴尔扎克。”后来的作家莫洛业说:“巴尔扎克不仅仅是十九世纪的优秀作家,他堪称最伟大的小说家,这在今天几乎是一致的看法。”