材料一 近年,外形酷似汽车的代步车大量上路,他们无牌、无照,走机动车道、 闯红灯,逆行、随意抢道、并线,不仅给城市交通带来压力,也造成不少安全隐患。材料二 斑马线上礼让行人已成为常态,大部分行人在遇到车辆礼让时,都能自 觉快速通过,但仍有部分行人“ 目中无车”——边过马路边看手机,或以散步的速度 缓慢通行,还有一些人在等候的机动车间任意穿行。让行司机表示:很苦恼也很无奈。(1) 你如何看待闯红灯、逆行、随意抢道、并线等交通陋习?(2) 针对部分行人“ 目中无车”,你会如何劝说他们遵守交通规则?(3)请你为杜绝交通陋习提两条合理化建议。(可从国家及相关部门、社会、公 民等角度提建议)12.阅读材料,回答下列问题。邮轮旅游作为现在新兴旅行方式之一,很多国人还并不习惯,有的游客因为不懂 邮轮规则而“露怯”,有的游客因为不遵守规则而影响到他人。
8.2021年10月11日下午, 2021年国家网络安全宣传周网络安全技术高峰论坛在西安 国际会展中心举行。本届宣传周以“网络安全为人民,网络安全靠人民”为主题。为促 进网络安全,我们中学生可以( )①自觉遵守国家法律,规范自身行为 ②加强对互联网的监督管理③应增强尊法学法守法用法意识,强化规则意识 ④开展网上扫黄打非专项活动A.①③ B.①④ C.②③ D.②④9.2022年春天,受新冠肺炎疫情影响很多行业都处于“封冻期”,电商直播行业却 逆势上涨,成为逆势发展的一个新风口。但电商直播购物存在的人气造假、评论造假、 夸大宣传、诱导交易等问题也值得我们警惕。对此,你的看法是( )①电商直播新经济,推动发展当支持 ②遵法守信讲规则,电商直播当谨记③直播购物要理性,提高警惕重防范 ④电商购物易受骗,及时远离方为妙A.①②③ B.①②④ C.①③④ D.②③④
情景一 :小明发现利用手机不仅可以查阅资料 、学习新知 、广交朋友, 还可以聊微信 、 刷抖音 、 玩游戏 。 小明感叹: 一机在手 , 天 下我有!情景二: 在使用过程中 , 小明还发现 , 广告插件无处不在 , 明星八卦 扑面而来 , 各种信息真假难辨 。 游曳在五光十色的网海里 , 小 明 经 常 旷 课 , 成 绩 不 断 下 滑 , 越 来 越 不 愿 与 人 打 交 道 , 经 常宅在家里 ,沉迷游戏 ,最后还因为在网络上诈骗而被拘留。小明再一次感叹: 一机在手 , 毁我所有!请你根据情景,结合所学 内容 , 回答下列问题:(1)两 则材料共 同说 明了什 么? 请谈谈你对 “ 一机在手 , 毁我所有 ” 的理解 。 (6 分)(2)对 比两则材料 , 你 能得 到 哪些启示? (三个方面 即可 ) (6 分)【心系社会 公益有我】12. ( 18 分 ) “海 阔凭鱼跃 ,天 高任鸟飞 。 ”置 身于前所未有 的广 阔天地, 我们要主动融入绚丽多彩的社会生活 ,树立积极的生活态度 ,学会互 助关爱 、合作共享 ,承担起我们作为社会成 员的 责任 。某校八 (1) 班 同学在团支部带领下,开展了以“心系社会 · 公益有我”为主题的探究性学 习活动,请你参与并完成下列任务。
背景素材:北京师范大学团队发布了全国“区域教育质量健康体检”报告 考点考查:网络的利与弊、合理利用网络能力考查:调动和运用知识,论证和探究问题核心素养:公共参与(1) 第一步:本题的设问主体是教育部“禁入”的依据,联系网络对青少年的影响的 相关内容;第二步:有效信息:要求学生原则上不得将个人手机带入校园→从网络的利与弊、未 成年人缺乏控制能力和自我保护意识、沉迷网络的危害性等角度进行分析;第三步:组织答案。得分点:网络是把双刃剑,有利也有弊;未成年人身心发育尚不 成熟, 自我能力较弱,辨别是非和自我控制能力不强,更容易受到手机网络消极因素 的影响和不法侵害,需要给予特殊保护;这样做有利于避免未成年人沉迷于手机网络, 有利于未成年人专心学习,保护未成年人身心健康成长。(2) 本题考查对如何来合理利用网络的认识和理解,属于课本中基础知识的范畴,结 合相关课本知识进行回答。
(1)图片表现: 网络上信息很丰富。(2)面对网络海量的信息, 我们要注意浏览、寻找与学习和工作 有关的信息, 不应在无关信息面前停留, 不应在无聊信息是浪费精 力,更不可沉溺于网络,要学会“信息节食”10、某中学八年级 400 多名学生, 在田地里上了一堂生动有趣的劳 动体验实践课——插秧。据相关负责人介绍, 劳动体验实践课走进 田间地头, 可以丰富孩子们的课余生活, 拓展视野, 锻炼综合实践 能力。学生学插秧既可感受中华传统农耕文化的魅力, 体验农民劳 作的艰辛生活, 也让他们悟出“锄禾日当午, 汗滴禾下土”的真实 意义。(1)亲社会行为有哪些意义?(2)请列举两个你生活中的亲社会行为。(3) 中学生怎样才能养成亲社会行为?设计意图:本题设计意图在于结合实际事例, 引导学生对事例进行讨论, 分析, 促使学生能够理性对待,培养学生理论联系实际的能力参考答案:(1) 有利于我们养成良好的行为习惯,塑造健康的人格,形成正 确的价值观念,获得他人和社会的接纳与认可。(2) 当志愿者,参加公益活动。
(一) 单元质量检测内容一、单项选择题1.2021 年实施的《中华人民共和国民法典》第 183 条规定:“因保护他人民事权益使自己受到损害的, 由侵权人承担民事责任, 受益人可以给予适当补偿。没有 侵权人、侵权人逃逸或者无力承担民事责任, 受害人请求补偿的, 受益人应当给予 适当补偿。”这样的规定,有助于( )①弘扬真善美的行为 ②培养人们的亲社会行为③依法维护见义勇为者的合法权益 ④使身处危难之中的人们得到及时救助 A.①② B.②③④ C.①③④ D.①②③④ 2.宣城市宣州区疫情防控应急指挥部 7 月 26 日下午发布信息:7 月 26 日上午,一网友在名称为“宣城的士之声交流群”的微信聊天群中散布消息, 称宣城有一人 核酸检测呈阳性。经核查, 此为不实信息, 属于谣言, 公安机关已介入调查, 请广 大群众及时关注政府官方公告、信息, 以官方发布消息为准, 不造谣、不传谣、不 信谣。对此,网民应该( )①严厉打击制造、传播谣言的行为,让谣言止于智者②塑造批判性思维,对信息进行甄别,抵制不良信息③提高网络媒介素养,自觉践行社会主义核心价值观
授课 日期 班级16高造价 课题: §10.1 计数原理 教学目的要求: 1.掌握分类计数原理与分步计数原理的概念和区别; 2.能利用两个原理分析和解决一些简单的应用问题; 3.通过对一些应用问题的分析,培养自己的归纳概括和逻辑判断能力. 教学重点、难点: 两个原理的概念与区别 授课方法: 任务驱动法 小组合作学习法 教学参考及教具(含多媒体教学设备): 《单招教学大纲》、课件 授课执行情况及分析: 板书设计或授课提纲 §10.1 计数原理 1、加法原理 2、乘法原理 3、两个原理的区别
课程分析中专数学课程教学是专业建设与专业课程体系改革的一部分,应与专业课教学融为一体,立足于为专业课服务,解决实际生活中常见问题,结合中专学生的实际,强调数学的应用性,以满足学生在今后的工作岗位上的实际应用为主,这也体现了新课标中突出应用性的理念。分段函数的实际应用在本课程中的地位:(1) 函数是中专数学学习的重点和难点,函数的思想贯穿于整个中专数学之中,分段函数在科技和生活的各个领域有着十分广泛的应用。(2) 本节所探讨学习分段函数在生活生产中的实际问题上应用,培养学生分析与解决问题的能力,养成正确的数学化理性思维的同时,形成一种意识,即数学“源于生活、寓于生活、用于生活”。教材分析 教材使用的是中等职业教育课程改革国家规划教材,依照13级教学计划,函数的实际应用举例内容安排在第三章函数的最后一部分讲解。本节内容是在学生熟知函数的概念,表示方法和对函数性质有一定了解的基础上研究分段函数,同时深化学生对函数概念的理解和认识,也为接下来学习指数函数和对数函数作了良好铺垫。根据13级学生实际情况,由生活生产中的实际问题入手,求得分段函数此部分知识以学生生活常识为背景,可以引导学生分析得出。
系(部)医药授课教师戚文撷授课班级11(5),11(6)班授课类型新授课授课时数2课时授课周数第一周授课日期2012.2.15授课地点 教室课题第六章数列分课题§6.2 等差数列教学目标1. 理解等差数列的概念,掌握等差数列的通项公式;掌握等差中项的概念. 2. 逐步灵活应用等差数列的概念和通项公式解决问题. 3.等差数列的前N项之和 . 4.培养学生分析、比较、归纳的逻辑思维能力. . 2. 3.教学重点等差数列的概念及其通项公式. 教学难点等差数列通项公式的灵活运用. 教学方法情境教学法、自主探究式教学方法教学器材及设备黑板、粉笔复习提问提问内容姓名成绩1.数列的定义? 答: 2. 数列的通项公式? 答: 板书设计 §6.2.1等差数列的概念 1. 1.等差数列的定义 公差:d 2.常数列 3.等差数列的通项公式 an=a1+(n-1)d. 等差数列的前n 项和公式: 例题 练习作业布置习题第1,2题.课后小结本节课主要采用自主探究式教学方法.充分利用现实情景,尽可能地增加教学过程的趣味性、实践性.我再整个教学中强调学生的主动参与,让学生自己去分析、探索,在探索过程中研究和领悟得出的结论,从而达到使学生既获得知识又发展智能的目的.
教 学 过 程教师 行为学生 行为教学 意图时间 *揭示课题 1.3正弦定理与余弦定理. *创设情境 兴趣导入 在实际问题中,经常需要计算高度、长度、距离和角的大小,这类问题中有许多与三角形有关,可以归结为解三角形问题,经常需要应用正弦定理或余弦定理. 介绍 播放 课件 了解 观看 课件 学生自然的走向知识点 0 5*巩固知识 典型例题 例6一艘船以每小时36海里的速度向正北方向航行(如图1-14).在A处观察灯塔C在船的北偏东30°,0.5小时后船行驶到B处,再观察灯塔C在船的北偏东45°,求B处和灯塔C的距离(精确到0.1海里). 解 因为∠NBC=45°,A=30°,所以C=15°, AB = 36×0.5 = 18 (海里). 由正弦定理得 答:B处离灯塔约为34.8海里. 例7 修筑道路需挖掘隧道,在山的两侧是隧道口A和B(图1-15),在平地上选择适合测量的点C,如果C=60°,AB = 350m,BC = 450m,试计算隧道AB的长度(精确到1m). 解 在△ABC中,由余弦定理知 =167500. 所以AB≈409m. 答:隧道AB的长度约为409m. 图1-15 引领 讲解 说明 引领 观察 思考 主动 求解 观察 通过 例题 进一 步领 会 注意 观察 学生 是否 理解 知识 点 40
一、定义: ,这一公式表示的定理叫做二项式定理,其中公式右边的多项式叫做的二项展开式;上述二项展开式中各项的系数 叫做二项式系数,第项叫做二项展开式的通项,用表示;叫做二项展开式的通项公式.二、二项展开式的特点与功能1. 二项展开式的特点项数:二项展开式共(二项式的指数+1)项;指数:二项展开式各项的第一字母依次降幂(其幂指数等于相应二项式系数的下标与上标的差),第二字母依次升幂(其幂指数等于二项式系数的上标),并且每一项中两个字母的系数之和均等于二项式的指数;系数:各项的二项式系数下标等于二项式指数;上标等于该项的项数减去1(或等于第二字母的幂指数;2. 二项展开式的功能注意到二项展开式的各项均含有不同的组合数,若赋予a,b不同的取值,则二项式展开式演变成一个组合恒等式.因此,揭示二项式定理的恒等式为组合恒等式的“母函数”,它是解决组合多项式问题的原始依据.又注意到在的二项展开式中,若将各项中组合数以外的因子视为这一组合数的系数,则易见展开式中各组合数的系数依次成等比数列.因此,解决组合数的系数依次成等比数列的求值或证明问题,二项式公式也是不可或缺的理论依据.
重点分析:本节课的重点是离散型随机变量的概率分布,难点是理解离散型随机变量的概念. 离散型随机变量 突破难点的方法: 函数的自变量 随机变量 连续型随机变量 函数可以列表 X123456p 2 4 6 8 10 12
4.That was an experience that frightened everyone. →That was _____________________. 答案:1. taking 2. being discussed 3. in the reading room 4. a frightening experienceStep 6 The meaning and function of V-ing as the predicative动词-ing形式作表语,它通常位于系动词后面,用以说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”一种表示主语的特质、特征和状态, 其作用相当于形容词; 另一种具体说明主语的内容, 即主语等同于表语, 两者可互换。The music they are playing sounds so exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。Our job is playing all kinds of music. 我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Step 7 Practice1. It is ________(amaze) that the boy is able to solve the problem so quickly.2. Buying a car is simply _______(waste) money. 3. Please stop making the noise—it’s getting ________(annoy). 4. complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form.La Tomatina is a festival that takes place in the Spanish town Bunol every August. I think many food festivals are __________ because people are just eating. however, this festival is _________ because people don't actually eat the tomatoes. Instead, they throw them at each other! the number of people ________ part in this tomato fight, can reach up to 20,000, and it is a very __________ fight that lasts for a whole hour. The _______ thing is how clean Bunol is after the tomatoes are washed away after the fight. this is because the juice form tomatoes is really good for making surfaces clean!答案:1. amazing 2. wasting 3. annoying4. boring interesting taking exciting amazing
The theme of this section is “Talk about festival activities and festival experiences”.Festival and holiday is a relaxing and interesting topic for students. This part talks about the topic from the daily life of students’. In the part A ---Listening and Speaking, there are three conversations among different speakers from three countries(Japan, Rio and China), where the speakers are participating in or going to participate in the festivals and celebrations. So listening for the relationship among them is a fundamental task. Actually, with the globalization and more international communication, it is normal for Chinese or foreigners to witness different festivals and celebrations in or out of China. In the Conversation 1, a foreign reporter is interviewing a Japanese young girl who just had participated in the ceremony of the Coming-of-Age Day on the street and asking her feeling about the ceremony and the afterwards activities. Conversation 2, Chinese girl Li Mei is witnessing the Rio Carnival for the first time, and her friend Carla gives her some advice on the costumes which enables her to match with the carnival to have a good time. Conversation 3, a Chinese guide is showing a group of foreign visitors around the Lantern Festival and introducing the customs of the festival to them. The three conversations have a strong vitality and insert the festival and cultural elements from different countries. So perceiving the festivals and cultures from different countries is the second task. At the same time, the scripts also insert the targeted grammar --- v-ing as attributive and predicative, which students can perceive and experience in a real context and make a road for the further study. That is the third task. In the Part B--- Listening and Talking, the theme is “Talk about festival experience”, which is the common topic in our daily conversations. During the conversation, Song Lin, a Chinese student, asked Canadian friend Max about how to spend Christmas. In the conversation, Song Lin talked about experience and the feelings during the Chinese Spring Festival, during which there are not only some enjoyable things but some unpleasant things. After the listening, perhaps students find there are some similarities between Christmas and the Chinese Spring Festival as there are some differences in the origins and celebrations. For example, people always visit friends and relatives, decorate their houses, have a big dinner together, chat and give presents to each other.
Step 3 Analyzing article structureActivity 31. Teachers raise questions to guide students to analyze the chapter structure of this diary and think about how to describe the festival experience. (1)What should be included in the opening/body/closing paragraph(s)?(2)How did the writer arrange his/her ideas?(3)What kind of interesting details did the writer describe?(4)How did the writer describe his/her feelings/emotions during the event?2. Students read and compare the three sentence patterns in activity 2. Try to rewrite the first paragraph of the diary with these three sentence patterns. After that, students exchange corrections with their partners. Such as:●This was my first time spending three days experiencing the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and it was an enjoyable and exciting experience. ●I'll never forget my experience at the Naadam Festival because it was my first time to watch the exciting Mongolian games of horse racing, wrestling, and archery so closely. ●I'll always remember my first experience at the Naadam Festival in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region because it was so amazing to spend three days witnessing a grand Mongolian ceremony. Step 4 Accumulation of statementsActivity 41. Ask the students to read the diary again. Look for sentences that express feelings and emotions, especially those with the -ing form and the past participle. Such as:● …horse racing, wrestling, and archery, which are all so exciting to watch. ● some amazing performances● I was surprised to see…● I was a little worried about. . . ● feeling really tiredOther emotional statements:●I absolutely enjoyed the archery, too, but the horse races were my favourite part. ●I'm finally back home now, feeling really tired, but celebrating Naadam with my friend was totally worth it. ●He invited me back for the winter to stay in a traditional Mongolian tent and cat hot pot. I can’t wait!2. In addition to the use of the -ing form and the past participle, the teacher should guide the students in the appreciation of these statements, ask them to memorize them, and encourage them to use them reasonably in writing practice.
The topic of this part is “Write about your festival experience”.During the Listening and Speaking and Talking, students are just asked to say out their festival experiences such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Day, but this part students will be asked to write down their own festival experiences. During the reading part, it introduces the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which can give students a good example to imitate. Students not only learn the festival, but touch and feel the Inner Mongolian’s character, the spirit and cultural atmosphere, which can help students form the cultural awareness and learn to enjoy and value the diversity of Chinese culture.Concretely, the dairy tells the experience that the author spent the Naadam Festival in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with his/her friend. The structure is clear. In the opening paragraph, it introduces the topic of the Naadam Festival and the whole feeling. Then it introduces the items of the festival like the ceremony, wrestling and horse racing. Finally, it summarizes this experience. Because this part is a travel journal, we must guide students pay more attention to these details: 1. use the first person. 2. use the past tense to tell the past thing and use the present or future tense to describe the scenery. 3. use the timeline to tell the development. 4. be careful for the author’s psychology, emotion and feeling, etc.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information about Naadam Festival.2. Learn the structure of the reading article and language.3. Write an article about a festival experience4. Learn to use the psychology, emotions and feeling in the writing.1. Write an article about a festival experience.2. Use the structure of the reading article and language.
1. 表示时间。Hearing these stories, I’m skeptical about the place. = When I heard these stories. . . 2. 表示原因。Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. = Because/Since/As I don’t know his address. . . 3. 表示结果。His father died, leaving him a lot of money. =. . . and left him a lot of money4. 表示条件。Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. = If you go straight down the road. . . 5. 表示让步。Being tired, they went on working. =Although they were tired. . . 6. 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. =. . . and stared at the sky for a long time注意:非谓语动词作状语时, 如所提供的动词不能和句子中的主语保持一致, 动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语, 通常由名词或代词来担任, 这就是独立主格结构。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. (having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus, 而不是we)Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. (permitting的逻辑主语是time, 而不是the football match)Step 7 Practice1. ________(study) hard, you are sure to get first prize. 2. People use plastic in their daily life, _______(leave) large amounts of waste. 3. ________(work) hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. 4. The old man, ____________(work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 5. ______________(finish) his homework, he was playing on the playground. Answers: 1. Studying 2. leaving 3. Working 4.having worked 5. Having finishedStep 8 HomeworkFinish the homework on Page 22.
The topic of this part is “Learn to make choices in life”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking part aims at the moral dilemmas, and this part is about making choices in life. The heroin is Lin Qiaozhi, a famous medical scientist, made a great contribution to our country’s medical care. Most importantly, her life experience can inspire our students whether in studying or the development of career. she had moral dilemmas and life choices, which are similar to the students who will step into society. Besides, Lin has quite good virtues like kindness, self-improvement, insistence, job-loving , generosity and responsibility, which is worth being learned.Concretely, this article is a biography about Lin Qiaozhi. The article tells her whole life according the timeline, among which the life choices is emphasized. For example, whether married or chased her dream, returned home or stayed abroad, family or public, her choices all reflected her faith, spirit, responsibility and devotion.1. Fast reading to get the detailed information about Lin Qiaozhi; careful reading to do the deductive information.2. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.3. Study the structure features and language features. 4. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.1. Learn the reading skills--deductive judgement according the context.2. Study the structure features and language features.3. Communicate about Lin’s life choices and reflect their own life choices.Step 1 Lead in---Small talkWhat are some important life choices?Importance choices: university study, jobs and marriage partners. Because they can determine our future.
1. In Picture 1 and Picture 2, where do you think they are from? How do you know?From their wearings, we can know they are from ethnic minority of China--- Miao and Dong.Picture 1, they are playing their traditional instrument lusheng in their traditional costumes.Picture 2. the girls are Miao because they wear their traditional costumes and silver accessory.2. In Picture 3, can you find which village it is? What time is it in the picture?It is Dong village. It is at night. Step 2 While-listeningJustin met a new friend while traveling in Guizhou. Listen to their conversation and complete the summaries below.Part 1Justin and Wu Yue watched some Miao people play the lusheng. The instrument has a history of over 3,000 years and it is even mentioned in the oldest collection of Chinese poetry. Then they watched the lusheng dance. Justin wanted to buy some hand-made silver/traditional accessories as souvenirs. He was told that the price will depend on the percentage of silver. Part 2They will go to a pretty Dong minority village called Zhaoxing. they will see the drum towers and the wind and rain bridges. They may also see a performance of the Grand Song of the Dong people.Step 3 Post-listening---TalkingWork in groups. Imagine Justin is telling some friends about his trip to Guizhou. One of you is Justin and the rest of you are his friends. Ask Justin questions about his trip and experience. The following expressions may help you.
Discuss these questions in groups.Q1: Have you ever been to a place that has a diverse culture ? What do you think about the culture diversity ?One culturally diverse place that I have been to is Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang Province. I went there last year with my family to see the Ice and Snow Festival, and I was amazed at how the culture as different to most other Chinese cities. There is a big Russian influence there, with beautiful Russian architecture and lots of interesting restaurants. I learnt that Harbin is called “the Oriental Moscow” and that many Russians settled there to help build the railway over 100 years ago.Q2: What are the benefits and challenges of cultural diversity ?The benefits: People are able to experience a wide variety of cultures, making their lives more interesting, and it can deepen the feelings for our national culture, it is also helpful for us to learn about other outstanding culture, which helps improve the ability to respect others. The challenges: People may have trouble communicating or understanding each other, and it may lead to disappearance of some civilizations and even make some people think “The western moon is rounder than his own.”Step 7 Post reading---RetellComplete the passage according to the text.Today, I arrived back in San Francisco, and it feels good (1) _____(be) back in the city again. The city succeeded in (2)_________ (rebuild) itself after the earthquake that (3)________ (occur) in 1906, and I stayed in the Mission District, enjoying some delicious noodles mixed with cultures. In the afternoon, I headed to a local museum (4)____ showed the historical changes in California. During the gold rush, many Chinese arrived, and some opened up shops and restaurants in Chinatown to earn a (5)_____ (live). Many others worked on (6)______ (farm), joined the gold rush, or went to build the railway that connected California to the east. The museum showed us (7)____ America was built by immigrants from (8)________ (difference) countries and cultures. In the evening, I went to Chinatown, and ate in a Cantonese restaurant that served food on (9)________(beauty) china plates. Tomorrow evening, I’m going to (10)__ jazz bar in the Richmond District. 答案:1. to be 2. rebuilding 3. occurred 4. that 5.living6. farms 7.how 8. different 9. beautiful 10. a